Thursday, October 31, 2019

Opinion paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Opinion paper - Essay Example In fact, my town citizens were painting on the floor when I visited the area; thus, I saw the art form in a different way that day. It made me realize that even this form of art is a possibility which is amazing yet practical. I am sure that the people would have done their homework and decided on what they wanted to project with this floor painting. They perhaps view that art could be done anywhere, without any restrictions at all so they decided to make the floor a canvas. Truly, the colors scattered on the floor were vivid and impressive all the more increasing my admiration for this kind of art. I felt good witnessing this new art being done right before my eyes. Suddenly, I wanted to take part in the activity so I asked one of the painters what he was painting. He told me that they were painting mother earth, with the figures of planet and the earth in relation with one another. Like I, the people gathered there watching the event also felt curious about the whole process of floor painting. In fact, I asked many questions from the people who were present there. The artists were trying their best to paint earth and its different colors. They were using the blue color for the water which is abundant in our planet. As for the continents, other colors like brown, green, red, and orange were used. This made the variety of colors spread on the floor look very astounding. Also, I learned that applying paint on plywood floors is easy and the results are great. When the person trying to paint something in the floor or in any place, he is trying to explain his emotion and deliver it to the people who is watching him.It was pure joy to see such creati on. This activity was very enthralling in the sense that it made all of us feel happy and merry seeing the swirling colors that were spread all around the floor. Because of this, you could feel positive enthusiasm within the people. It reflected their interest and passion in the

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

European learning institutions in the Middle Ages Essay Example for Free

European learning institutions in the Middle Ages Essay The Monastic schools provided the basis for the universities. The main purpose for the establishment of schools was to develop literacy in the society. Through the schools people were educated and hence became wiser. These schools led to the formation of universities as many individuals begun to pursue deeper meanings, verbal clarity and places for doing analysis. During the scholasticism period, the need for a place where intellectuals could do their studies increased greatly as the number of scholars and philosophers rose. Scholars started to analyze books and other information sources through reason and argumentation. Individuals who had gone through schooling had no place to further their studies and their number was increasing. This therefore led to the rise of universities as they provided a place for further studies. During the scholastic period there were many discoveries which were meant to enhance learning. The universities came up because of the need to have intellectuals together so that they can share ideas and opinions thereby leading to more discoveries. The university was a good place to do research and for individuals to learn from others. Additionally, individuals wanted to understand the Bible better and thus get closer to its truth. The university provided a good place where people could study the Bible and hence understand it better. Background of the students During this period, education was the privilege of the members of the upper classes and thus most of the students were from the upper classes in the society. There were few students from the lower classes who had the opportunity to have formal education. This could be attributed to insufficient educational resources thereby making them expensive and thus not affordable to the lower class members. Curriculum The schools curriculum was divided into two trivium and quadrivium. Trivium was composed of grammar, dialectic and rhetoric while qaudrivium contained geometry, arithmetic, astronomy and music. In grammar, texts written by the Priscian who was a Latin grammarian were studied and applied. In dialectic, the works done by Aristotle were read while in rhetoric, the works of Cicero were studied. Arithmetic involved the study of multiplication and division, and in addition to that abacus and chronology were learned. Geometry mainly involved the study of Euclid while Astronomy involved studying the works of Bede and Pliny who was a Roman writer. In Music, the students were taught proportion, scale, music of the spheres and the harmony of the universe. During the Charlemagne period education was mainly based on written texts (Cunningham Reich, 2006). During the scholasticism period, learning was based on reasoning and argumentation. Books were chosen, read and subjected to investigation. Points of disagreements between books and other sources of information were written down and subjected to analysis using dialectics. Through the dialectics a common ground was found. During this period universities were formed and the curriculum of most universities primarily involved the study of philosophy, science, ancient culture and mathematics. In addition to studying the students were allowed to do research in their field of preference. The effects of formal educational institutions on the European society These institutions increased the gap between the rich and the poor people in the society. This can be attributed to background of the most students. Education was primarily the privilege of the upper class members and thus most of the lower class member never had the opportunity to have formal education. However, in spite of the gap in the society, the formal educational institutions provided the basis for more discoveries and developments in the European society. Through the institutions literacy in the society increased as more people improved their knowledge and skills. Additionally, the institutions reconciled different societies as translators and intermediaries were required. For instance, in translating Greek to English Muslims and Jews were utilized as translators and intermediaries. This therefore led to reconciliation between different religions as they dependent on each in enhancing learning. Furthermore, the learning institutions led to change in character as individuals begun to see things differently. This led to changes in the political scene as authoritative governments collapsed paving way for the democratic ones. Powers of the monasteries were reduced as democratic governments came into power. This is because more individuals understood their rights and hence started to fight for their rights. Word count: 717. Reference list Cunningham L. S. and J. Reich, (2006). Culture and values. Edition: 6. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. p. 199.

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Creating a WAN Diagram

Creating a WAN Diagram BY: JAN AVIT MICOLH MATUGAS Creating WAN Diagram a) Create a WAN diagram detailing and labeling all components of a WAN network according to the scenario (network devices, computers and servers configurations). Every branch must have their own IP range. Figure 1 Actual Diagram of Wellington being connected to its all branches Figure 2. Actual Diagram of Wellington Main Office Figure 3. Actual Diagram of Napier and Christchurch Figure 4. Actual Diagram of Auckland and Tauranga b) Write down the IP address range for all branches. 1. Wellington 192.110.2.1/24 2. Napier 192.90.1.2/24 3. Christchurch 192.117.3.1/24 4. Auckland 122.13.58.4/24 5. Tauranga 192.168.14.0/24 c) List down the components used in the network you have created with their configuration, separated by branch: Â   Component Configuration Wellington 52 PC HP Z240 SFF i5-6500 3.2GHz 8GB DDR4 1TB Win7Pro 8 Servers Intel 7th Gen Core i7 7700 3.6Ghz Quad Core/ 16 GB DDR4 RAM 4 Routers Netgear Orbi RBK50 MU-MIMO Wi-Fi System, Orbi Router + Orbi Satellite, Tri-Band AC3000, 4 x Gigabit LAN, 4 Switches Ubiquiti UniFi Switch US-8-150W, 8-Port Gigabit Managed PoE+ Switch, with 8 x PoE/PoE+ (Max 150W) and 2 x SFP Rackmountable, Fanless, Passive 24V 802.3af/at Napier 8 PC HP Z240 SFF i5-6500 3.2GHz 8GB DDR4 1TB Win7Pro 2 Router Netgear Orbi RBK50 MU-MIMO Wi-Fi System, Orbi Router + Orbi Satellite, Tri-Band AC3000, 4 x Gigabit LAN, 2 Switch Ubiquiti UniFi Switch US-8-150W, 8-Port Gigabit Managed PoE+ Switch, with 8 x PoE/PoE+ (Max 150W) and 2 x SFP Rackmountable, Fanless, Passive 24V 802.3af/at Chirstchurch 5 PC HP Z240 SFF i5-6500 3.2GHz 8GB DDR4 1TB Win7Pro Router Netgear Orbi RBK50 MU-MIMO Wi-Fi System, Orbi Router + Orbi Satellite, Tri-Band AC3000, 4 x Gigabit LAN, Switch Ubiquiti UniFi Switch US-8-150W, 8-Port Gigabit Managed PoE+ Switch, with 8 x PoE/PoE+ (Max 150W) and 2 x SFP Rackmountable, Fanless, Passive 24V 802.3af/at UTP cable Cat45 Auckland 18 PC HP Z240 SFF i5-6500 3.2GHz 8GB DDR4 1TB Win7Pro Router Netgear Orbi RBK50 MU-MIMO Wi-Fi System, Orbi Router + Orbi Satellite, Tri-Band AC3000, 4 x Gigabit LAN, Switch Ubiquiti UniFi Switch US-8-150W, 8-Port Gigabit Managed PoE+ Switch, with 8 x PoE/PoE+ (Max 150W) and 2 x SFP Rackmountable, Fanless, Passive 24V 802.3af/at Tauranga 4 PC HP Z240 SFF i5-6500 3.2GHz 8GB DDR4 1TB Win7Pro 2 Routers Netgear Orbi RBK50 MU-MIMO Wi-Fi System, Orbi Router + Orbi Satellite, Tri-Band AC3000, 4 x Gigabit LAN, 2 Switches Ubiquiti UniFi Switch US-8-150W, 8-Port Gigabit Managed PoE+ Switch, with 8 x PoE/PoE+ (Max 150W) and 2 x SFP Rackmountable, Fanless, Passive 24V 802.3af/at 2 Servers Intel 7th Gen Core i7 7700 3.6Ghz Quad Core/ 16 GB DDR4 RAM d) Explain the WAN diagram in terms of how the branches network are connected and justify your choose of network devices and components for each branch. As I observed, most of the connection is being done by the VPN connections. Like Napier and Christchurch, they are equipped with router-to-router VPN connections. Through this, its very easy to connect from branch to main office. Also with the Auckland and Tauranga they are also using VPN that can stay connected 24/7 a day. It is also equipped with T1 connection that allows them to have a smooth transition experience. For me the most important device is the Router. Through this all the connections of all branches is possible (Intranet and Extranet VPN Business Scenarios, 2007). e) Provide a scenario explaining how a branch will connect to the company main office. This company is already expanding. In fact it has already 4 branches across the country. So for this the company will make sure that all employees can have access to all network resources that they need in order to perform their job effectively. With this, it is very important also to assure the security of creating the path on how you connect it. By the use of site-to-site VPN, it will create a path called tunnel between two sites via internet. This will allow the branches to access the file servers at the main office. The data being transfer are all encapsulated so youre both protected as you send and receive data. f) Provide a scenario explaining how a business partner will access the extranet. The business partner is one of the most valuable parts in any organization. We should care and provide good communications to create a good bond. In order to make this happen, the Main office and the business partner should be connected through a secure IPSec tunnel (VPN), then allowing the business partner to access the Main offices file server to perform their various tasks, like updating and monitoring the product stocks (Intranet and Extranet VPN Business Scenarios, 2007). Using the diagram that you created before, answer the following questions a) Create a routing table for every branch if applicable. This routing table is from Christchurch branch, where it has 5 PC. Destination Subnet Mask Gateway Interface Metric Protocol 192.117.3.2 255.255.255.0 192.117.3.1 Local Area Network 1 Local 192.117.3.3 255.255.255.0 192.117.3.1 Local Area Network 1 Local 192.117.3.4 255.255.255.0 192.117.3.1 Local Area Network 1 Local 192.117.3.5 255.255.255.0 192.117.3.1 Local Area Network 1 Local 192.117.3.6 255.255.255.0 192.117.3.1 Local Area Network 1 Local b) Which protocol or protocols should be used to ensure the routing tables are correct and working. There are 3 types of Routing Protocols Static Default Dynamic Static This type of protocol is being done my manual configurations. Each destination is all configured manually, like configuring the known destination and subnet mask. Default In this protocol, the main feature is to send packets into unknown network destination. (Not in routing table) and it has also one exit port. Dynamic This protocol caters all the features that able find and update routing tables on routers. This is very efficient to use because it will directly connect all known networks and send/receive data between two routers. I choose the Dynamic protocol, because as you can see it is packed with all the good features that very useful and convenient to use. In this protocol you can save more time and resources(Academy, 2014). References: Academy, C. N. (2014, March 24). Cisco Networking Academys Introduction to Routing Dynamically. Retrieved from http://www.ciscopress.com: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180210seqNum=7 Academy, C. N. (2014, March 24). Cisco Networking Academys Introduction to Routing Dynamically. Retrieved from http://www.ciscopress.com: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180210seqNum=7 Intranet and Extranet VPN Business Scenarios. (2007, August 3). Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/security/vpn_modules/misc/Archive_-6342/6342cmbo.html#wp1057569 Academy, C. N. (2014, March 24). Cisco Networking Academys Introduction to Routing Dynamically. Retrieved from http://www.ciscopress.com: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=2180210seqNum=7 Intranet and Extranet VPN Business Scenarios. (2007, August 3). Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/security/vpn_modules/misc/Archive_-6342/6342cmbo.html#wp1057569 Intranet and Extranet VPN Business Scenarios. (2007, August 3). Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com: http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/security/vpn_modules/misc/Archive_-6342/6342cmbo.html#wp1064626

Friday, October 25, 2019

Graduation Speech: May You Have Enough -- Graduation Speech, Commencem

Martin Luther King Jr. 1929-1968. Mother Theresa 1910-1997. Albert Einstein 1879-1955. All of these people are not remembered for their birth or death dates, but rather what they did with their dash. The dash that goes between their birth and death dates on their headstones. The dash that says what a person has accomplished in their life. The dash that takes up so little space, but holds so much meaning. What will you do with your dash? Will your dash be one of accomplishment, of success, of compassion, of love, of happiness? I wish you more than enough of all of these things to make up your dash. I heard a short story recently that I think seems appropriate to share. At an airport a father and daughter were saying good-bye to one another. "I love you, I wish you enough." The father said. She said, "Daddy, our life together has been more than enough. I wish you enough, too." They kissed good-bye and she left. Walking over toward the window where another young lady was seated, he asked her, "Did you ever say good-bye to someone knowing it would be forever?" ..

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Philosophy of Education Essay

The philosophy of education can be defined as a belief/thought/theory on the ways which can be used in the process of education and also the importance of education. This defines how children are to be educated as well as the purpose that education plays in the society. There is a necessity of philosophy which can be termed as the same as the need for a plan in life or even as a way in which to find a destination in life. The major source of the philosophy in education is the mixture or combination of material which has been read or studied on the thoughts of other people which can be termed as idealism or rationalism and also the personal experiences which can be grossly defined as direct and also indirect realism of empiricism(Carr, 2003). In a period of time there have been a lot of changes in technology as compared to the philosophy of education. Online courses have been made a reality through the advent of the internet and the computers. Creation of a learning community which is effective has a major requirement that the supposed learners do share the knowledge that they have and also their suggestions and thoughts so that the process of interaction with the fellow learners and their respective instructors is of importance. At the same time these processes should contribute to the readings and also to the assignments. I believe that education is truly a major factor in promoting the evolution of not just an individual but the society as a whole. This paper presents the role education plays as well as my personal views on this concept. With the philosophy of Neo-Thomism and Locke, Rousseau being my greatest inspirations as a teacher, the paper further explains these two concepts. It clearly brings out my role as a teacher, my vision for how schools should be in terms of curriculums, instructions as well as assessments. The role of a student has also been defined. Towards the end of the paper, the paper presents intervention measures that would be most effective in dealing with drug, tobacco and alcohol use and abuse and with teen pregnancies as two risk factors among the young students. The paper is written out of my own experience as a seventh grade science teacher. It contains my personal views and possible actions. Classic Educational Philosophies and Philosophers Educators draw their motivation from different philosophies or philosophers of education. My closest match for me has always been the philosophy of Neo Thomism by Jacques Maritain and Etienne Gilson as well as that of one great philosopher called Locke, Rousseau. Neo Thomism goes against modern philosophy and philosophical systems. The philosophy calls for the use of principles used to build philosophy. According to Gilson, this principles are very important are important necessities during philosophical inquiries and orientations. Rousseau called for an educational system that exposed a child into particular environment and allowing the students to learn form the situations within that environment. Students should learn from their surroundings and from the happenings in the society, this way they will have the capacity and skills to solve any situation and day to day occurrences. This is in line with my goal and objective of bringing up students into mature adults who can fearlessly and strongly face the every day hassles of the world and develop workable solutions in life be it at work, in their personal, social or emotional lives. Role as a Teacher My personal role and goal as a teacher is to ensure that children enjoy learning and completely deal with the every day perception that school is boring. It is with this in mind that I always incorporate fun in learning, engaging in out door activities that will further promote understanding of what is learnt in class. Education should aim at creating a will to learn more. Vision for Schools It is important that schools always work towards bringing out individuals successful students not just academically and out of high grades but also socially, emotionally and psychologically. Education should teach students on how to successfully deal with the day to day situations of life, it should teach us how to find solutions to various challenges (Gutek,1997). School curriculums should aim at bringing out the best of what is education is meant to bring. It should be a curriculum where students can learn to make use of the day to day happenings and innovations. I personally find the West Australian’s recently implemented outcome- based curriculum whereby a the curriculum is planned on the basis of what outcomes the teacher wants to achieve rather than on particular contents that have to be taught(Bloodworth, 2002). This curriculum also has its negative side mainly due to its difficulty in promoting uniformity in education quality. Incorporating the two approaches , the outcome based and the content based, as well as the use of the internet is a one way through which quality workable curriculums can be developed (Clabaugh & Rozycki, 1990). One suitable way of assessing what the students have learned is holding a question answer session after each lesson. Success rate will in this case be rated by the student’s ability to answer questions. The participation of each student should be a major consideration. Role of the Students Generally, seventh grade students have been found to divert their interests from learning to other issues such as fan and socialization. It is important to have these students have the inner drive to learn and achieve success. The best of achieving this is creating a situation whereby students can positively learn from their peers through class discussions, interaction and active engagements in class projects as well as presentations. Risk Factors Young children are faced with a number of risk factors likely to expose them to numerous problems in their lives and to affect their education. As an experienced teacher who has taught seventh grade students for over five years now, I have learnt to deal with these risks and have specifically dealt with teenage pregnancies and with the abuse of alcohol and drugs. In a situation where I have a student with these two risk factors in my class there are various interventions that I would undertake to deal with these problems. My first action would be to create a foundation at which the student can trust and confide in me. My listening skills should be of importance at this point. I will also ensure that the child does not feel discriminated and out of place neither is she the only person who has been in similar a situation. The views, desires and ideas of the student will enable me to identify the necessary steps to take with the need to make her realize the need to positively change. Introducing this student to other young persons who are going through the same problem as she is would be an effective way of positively encouraging her. The group will give her the chance to open up, give her a sense of belonging, hope and will to change. Learning from the experiences of others, both peers and older people, could be a workable intervention. Students and young people need to know on the various other ways through which they can have fun without necessarily having to engage in sexual activities or drug use (Zygon, 1985). The involvement of parents is also very essential. The parents need to know the positive role they should play in ensuring that the child is able to deal with the situation. One way through which these interventions can be implemented is through professional counseling and guidance for both the student and the parents or guardians. A counselor will effectively be able to communicate with them, get to the root causes of the problem and in turn develop workable solutions. Rehabilitation of the student as a way of dealing with alcohol and drug abuse is another sure way of enhancing positive change and ability to deal with the problem. In each of these cases, the student should be let to interact with other peers going through the same situations. Learning from the existing happenings in the society and from the experiences of others will be an effective form of intervention. Conclusion The philosophy of education acts as a personal guide for every teacher. It helps in defining ones goal as a teacher, outcomes or results desired and ways of achieving these outcomes. A philosophy basically acts as a basis to promoting the development of a child in school. It defines the role of both the teacher and student. Educational philosophies are therefore effective means of promoting quality education with purpose of education being clearly defined. A teacher with a philosophy will not only be able to provide quality education for his students but to also effectively deal with the various risk factors that students may be going through. , a teacher should be able to build the child physically, mentally, socially and emotionally. It should train them on how to deal with the day to day situation and to find solutions to the various problems they may come across not just as students but also as adults. Education gives a basis for the future. This can only be achieved if the students are allowed to learn through the everyday happenings and situations in the society. References Bloodworth R. (2002) â€Å"Methods of and Curricula for Institutionally Implementing and Sustaining Education†. Educational Philosophy and Change, 2(1): 234 Carr, D. (2003) Making Sense of Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy and Theory of Education and Teaching. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Clabaugh, G. & Rozycki, E. (1990). Understanding schools: The foundations of education. New York: Harper & Row. Gutek, G. (1997) Philosophical and Ideological Perspectives on Education. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Zygon, K. (1985) â€Å"Zygon: Imaging the Future: New Visions and New Responsibilities†. JOP, 20, (3):65.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Advantage of being the oldest sibling Essay

Many kids say that being the last child is the best because you get everything you want. Well not me I believe that being the oldest child has many advantages to it. As the oldest child in my family I get to have things first, I get to stay out later than my other siblings and, I can set rules that younger siblings have to follow. First, I get to have things before my younger siblings. For example the reason why I get to have everything before my younger siblings is because I am the oldest, I get to have a car before everyone and my younger siblings have to wait. I also get to pretty much experience many things before my younger siblings. I was able to experience prom, graduating high school, and getting a car. These are some of the best experiences I got to experience before my younger siblings. They all look at me and get jealous because I get to do everything first. As they would say â€Å"That is not fair!† Second, the advantages of being the oldest is I get to stay out la ter rather than my siblings have to come home earlier. My siblings complain all the time about this topic because I get to stay out later. Then they complain to my parents asking them for more time out longer because they are having fun with their friends. My curfew for coming home is at 1:00 am my brother is at 10:00pm, and my younger sister is at 8:00 pm as you can see since I am the oldest I get to stay out later and I get more privileges than my brother and sister. It kind of makes me happy because I don’t have to sit there and wish I was the oldest so I can stay out later. Or wish I had a car so I can go to the mall with my friends. Lastly, I get to set rules that my siblings have to follow. I get to tell them what do when to do it and how to do it. For example, if my brother’s room is messy I tell him that he needs to clean it also with his homework, I tell him when to do it and I help him with it. It feels great to be the oldest sibling because I get to set many rules for my brother and sister, and they have to listen to me because if not then they will get in trouble with my parents. In conclusion, I love to be the oldest sibling because I get to have things before them, I get to stay out later than my  siblings, and I can set rules for my siblings to follow. My younger siblings wish that they were older so they can do the things that I can do but they cannot. I love to be the oldest child in my family for all these reasons but the best reason is being there for them when ever I can.

Genetic Variation Definition, Causes, and Examples

Genetic Variation Definition, Causes, and Examples Definition In genetic variation, the genetic makeup of organisms within a population change. Genes are inherited segments of DNA that contain codes for the production of proteins. Genes exists in alternate versions, or alleles that determine distinct traits that can be passed on from parents to offspring.   Genetic variation is important to the processes of natural selection and biological evolution. The genetic variations that arise in a population happen by chance, but the process of natural selection does not. Natural selection is the result of the interactions between genetic variations in a population and the environment. The environment determines which genetic variations are more favorable or better suited for survival. As organisms with these environmentally selected genes survive and reproduce, more favorable traits are passed on to the population as a whole. Key Takeaways: Genetic Variation Genetic variation refers to differences in the genetic makeup of individuals in a population.Genetic variation is necessary in natural selection. In natural selection, organisms with environmentally selected traits are better able to adapt to the environment and pass on their genes.Major causes of variation include mutations, gene flow, and sexual reproduction.DNA mutation causes genetic variation by altering the genes of individuals in a population.Gene flow leads to genetic variation as new individuals with different gene combinations migrate into a population.Sexual reproduction promotes variable gene combinations in a population leading to genetic variation.Examples of genetic variation include eye color, blood type, camouflage in animals, and leaf modification in plants. Genetic Variation Causes Computer graphic illustration depicting a point mutation. A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed.   Alfred Pasieka/Science Photo Library/Getty Images Genetic variation occurs mainly through DNA mutation, gene flow (movement of genes from one population to another) and sexual reproduction. Due to the fact that environments are unstable, populations that are genetically variable will be able to adapt to changing situations better than those that do not contain genetic variation. DNA Mutation: A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence. These variations in gene sequences can sometimes be advantageous to an organism. Most mutations that result in genetic variation produce traits that  confer neither an advantage or disadvantage. Mutations lead to genetic variation by altering genes and alleles in a population. They may impact an individual gene or an entire chromosome. Although mutations change an organisms genotype (genetic makeup), they may not necessarily change an organisms phenotype.Gene Flow: Also called gene migration, gene flow introduces new genes into a population as organisms migrate into a new environment. New gene combinations are made possible by the availability of new alleles in the gene pool. Gene frequencies may also be altered by emigration of organisms out of a population. Immigration of new organisms into a population may help organisms better adapt to changing environmental conditions. Migration of organisms out of a population could re sult in a lack of genetic diversity. Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction promotes genetic variation by producing different gene combinations. Meiosis is the process by which sex cells or gametes are created. Genetic variation occurs as alleles in gametes are separated and randomly united upon fertilization. The genetic recombination of genes also occurs during crossing over or the swapping of gene segments in homologous chromosomes during meiosis. Genetic Variation Examples A true albino squirrel photographed eating a nut in Companies Garden in Cape Town, Western Cape Province, South Africa.   David G Richardson/Getty Images Favorable genetic traits in a population are determined by the environment. Organisms that are better able to adapt to their environment survive to pass on their genes and favorable traits. Sexual selection is commonly seen in nature as animals tend to select mates that have traits that are favorable. As females mate more often with males considered to have more favorable traits, these genes occur more often in a population over time. A persons skin color, hair color, dimples, freckles, and blood type are all examples of genetic variations that can occur in a human population. Examples of genetic variation in plants include the modified leaves of carnivorous plants and the development of flowers that resemble insects to lure plant pollinators. Gene variation in plants often occurs as the result of gene flow. Pollen is dispersed from one area to another by the wind or by pollinators over great distances. Examples of genetic variation in animals include albinism, cheetahs with stripes, snakes that fly, animals that play dead, and animals that mimic leaves. These variations enable the animals to better adapt to conditions in their environments.

Sunday, October 20, 2019

The Tale of Despereaux by Kate DiCamillo - Book Review

The Tale of Despereaux by Kate DiCamillo - Book Review Summary of The Tale of Despereaux The Tale of Despereaux: Being the story of a mouse, a princess, some soup, and a spool of thread by Kate DiCamillo is an odd and engaging fairy tale. The hero, Despereaux Tilling, is a mouse with large ears. The Tale of Despereaux: has a lot in common with Grimms fairy tales and makes a terrific read aloud for younger children as well as an excellent book for middle grade readers, ages 8 to 12. Kate DiCamillo was awarded the prestigious John Newbery Medal for The Tale of Despereaux.   According to the American Library Association (ALA), the Newbery Medal is awarded annually to the author of the most distinguished contribution to American literature for children. How Kate DiCamillo Came to Write The Tale of Despereaux Being the story of a mouse, a princess, some soup, and a spool of thread, the subtitle of The Tale of Despereaux gives the reader a clue that this is not an ordinary book. It . What prompted Kate DiCamillo to write such a book? According to the author, My best friends son asked if I would write a story for him. Its about an unlikely hero, he said, with exceptionally large ears. When DiCamillo asked him, What happened to the hero, his response was, I dont know. Thats why I want you to write this story, so we can find out. The Story The result is a wildly entertaining novel with some important messages about being yourself and redemption. The characters include a very special mouse with an affinity for music, a princess named Pea, and Miggery Sow, a poorly treated, slow-witted serving girl. Since every tale needs a villain, even a sometimes sympathetic one, there is a rat named Roscuro to fill that role. This odd assortment of characters is drawn together because of their desire for something more, but it is Despereaux Tilling, the unlikely hero with large ears, who, along with the narrator, is the star of the show. As the narrator states, Reader, you must know that an interesting fate (sometimes involving rats, sometimes not) awaits almost everyone, man or mouse, who does not conform. The unnamed narrator adds wit, humor, and intelligence to the story, frequently speaking directly to the reader, asking questions, admonishing the reader, pointing out the consequences of certain actions, and sending the reader to the dictionary to look up unknown words. Indeed, her use of language is one of the gifts that Kate DiCamillo brings to the story, along with her imaginative storytelling, character development, and voice. It was interesting to me to see how Kate DiCamillo incorporated several of the central themes of her two previous books (Because of Winn-Dixie and The Tiger Rising) - parental abandonment and redemption - in The Tale of Despereaux. Parental abandonment comes in several forms in DiCamillos books: a parent leaving the family forever, a parent dying, or a parent withdrawing emotionally. Each of three main characters lacks parental support. Despereaux has always been different from his siblings; when his actions result in life-threatening punishment, his father does not defend him. Princess Peas mother died as a result of seeing a rat in her soup. As a result, her father has withdrawn and has decreed that soup may no long be served anywhere in his kingdom. Miggery Sow was sold into servitude by her father after her mother died. However, Despereauxs adventures change the lives of everyone, the adults as well as the children and the rat. These changes hinge on forgiveness and again emphasize a central theme: Every action, reader, no matter how small, has a consequence. I found this an extremely satisfying book, with lots of adventure, wit, and wisdom. My Recommendation The Tale of Despereaux was first published in 2003 by Candlewick Press in a hardcover edition, which is beautifully designed, with high-quality paper with torn edges (I am not sure what you call that, but it looks great). It is illustrated with strange and beguiling, dense pencil drawings by Timonthy Basil Ering. Each of the four books of the novel has a title page, with an intricate border by Ering. This is the first time that I have correctly predicted which book would win the Newbery Medal. I hope you and your children enjoy the book as much as I did. I highly recommend The Tale of Despereaux, both as an unusual fairy tale for 8-12 year olds to read and as a read aloud for families to share and younger children to also enjoy. With the coming of the movie version of The Tale of Despereaux in December 2008, came a number of movie tie-in books and a handsome special boxed edition of The Tale of Despereaux. In late 2015, a new paperback edition (ISBN: 9780763680893) of The Tale of Despereaux was released, with new cover art (pictured above). The book is also available as an audiobook and in several e-book formats. The Tale of Despereaux - Resources for Teachers The books publisher, Candlewick Press, has an excellent 20-page Teachers Guide you can download, with detailed activities, including questions, for each section of the book. The Multnomah County Library in Oregon has a helpful one-page The Tale of Despereaux Discussion Guide on its website.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Environmental Discourse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Environmental Discourse - Essay Example Green Evangelicalism Prelli and Winters (2009, p.224) state that there are different views presented by Christian evangelicals and environmentalists regarding environmental problems like human-induced global warming and climate change. When evangelicals presented the idea to make interventions to fight climate change, they were struck with surprise by environmentalists and common people because they were not expecting them to point out this issue. â€Å"†¦many people were struck by the apparent incongruity of American evangelicals addressing the climate change problem†, state Prelli and Winters (2009, p.225). Sustainable Development The supporters of sustainable development argue that sustainable construction gives important consideration to the environmental impacts besides creating a structure or building that is user-friendly and comfortable. It ensures that damage risks to the building, residents and environment are eliminated. The main objective of sustainable constr uction is to build healthier buildings which tend to comfort society, improve biodiversity, reduce polluting emissions, and ensure less consumption of resources. The opponents of this discourse believe that sustainable development has â€Å"certain serious shortcomings that need to be addressed† (Haque, 2000, p.3).

Friday, October 18, 2019

Physical impacts on building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Physical impacts on building - Essay Example Fog also affects adversely buildings indirectly through birds when they are migrating during misty seasons and at the night (Hobson & Wassenaar, 2008; pp. 817). Since, they assume many of the buildings’ lights are bright space bodies when flying, only to realize too late, where they swerve into a glass building, breaking it (Noble, 2004). Hurricanes grievously affect people despite their states up to date having devices meant to predict their occurrences (Barnes, 2006). Mainly, this encompasses destruction of homes besides other structures like industries or commercial buildings (Steiner & Butler, 2007). The recent Katrina’s damages according to Cauffman (n.d) reported massive obliteration of residential houses due to flooding and high velocity waters. Besides, structures that are far from the sea but near to the coastal region usually experience strong winds caused by storm surges (Cauffman, n.d). Mainly, these winds cause failure of the roofs, wakening of decks and wind-induced damage to glass windows (Cauffman, n.d). Recent disastrous incidence occurred in New Orleans its destructions amounted to approximately $60 billion besides killing 18,000 people (Marsh & Kaufman, 2012; pp. 140). Additionally, hurricanes adversely affect infrastructures, electricity besides communication networks due to flooding and st rong winds (Fitzpatrick, 2006). Extreme drought heat prompts numerous houses start experiencing fatigue faster. Since, soil at the buildings’ edges starts drying up faster where tree roots force their way under the buildings and form cracks in the floor (Waugh & Bushell, 2002: pp. 99). Sometimes the damage may be irreparable to the extent of entailing utter dismantling of the entire unit especially when the cracks are evident in the walls (Campbell & Corley, 2012). In addition, excess heat may lead to extra stress on the roofing materials that end up stretching and creating large holes where in raining

Ethics and governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics and governance - Essay Example hat people are ready to pay a greater price, or forego a little taste in the food, to follow the ethical practices and to support what they believe in; hence the increased spending on ethical goods. Recession has called for various phenomenons which were previously absent in consumer behavior. This recession has brought about major changes in the minds and buying patterns of humans. Since premium priced products are bound to lose during recession in such a market which is saturated with other supplementary goods, the sales of ethical products are a question mark in the days of recession (William, 2004). a) Ethics can derive many responses from the consumers; they may be neutral towards products which are ethical, they may be aware about them but don’t consider it an incentive enough to make a purchase or they follow the ethical approach and confine themselves to buying only ethical goods. The two responses that will be evaluated are ethical dilemma and ethical neutrality. Before moving forward, one needs to understand the two responses better in order to grasp the reaction that recession may have created for ethical products. Ethical dilemma refers to an intricate situation during which a person is in a mental conflict of choosing between two or three options, of different moral imperatives. A paradox exists and a person is lost between either acting morally ethical or loosing onto something which is important to that person. Ethical dilemmas usually arise when some ethical system or a moral code that is gaining attention and importance is wanted to criticize or the people want to present the other side of the picture to the people. An example of ethical dilemma from normal life is that of abortion; after an unwanted pregnancy, a woman is faced with the ethical dilemma whether to abort or not, as it is a human life in existence now. Another example from the business perspective is when your family has a non-gifting policy and some suppliers of the co mpany gift

Surpassing the Passive Hero in Waverly by Sir Walter Scott Essay

Surpassing the Passive Hero in Waverly by Sir Walter Scott - Essay Example Essentially Welsh seems to attempt to debunk the idea that Scott was even a good novelist, let alone a great romantic novelist, within his books. Welsh admits that Waverly is the prototype for the modern novel, but then goes on to argue the various weaknesses within Scott's technique. He suggests that Scott is not a realist, as he seems incapable of drawing a realistic portrayal of life. Neither is he capable of any type of analysis according to Welsh; he argues succinctly that "Scott never criticizes his own society" (Welsh, 1963). Also, Scott is not a very good romantic writer either as he has no full knowledge of the human heart and his characters are "notoriously unemotional" (Welsh, 1963). By way of proving this, Welsh suggests that Waverly's only emotional moment in his very brief attachment to Flora. . . . . the hero is obviously much more at home as a peacemaker than as a warrior, and it is amusing to watch Waverly racing ahead over the battlefield in order to rescue Hanoverian officers, and then being commended for his distinguished service by the chevalier. According to Welsh, the hero of Waverly is irredeemably passive and thus incapable of realistically portraying action and an active role within society. The hoer is caught within an intensely moralistic society which essentially stifles him. A true hero, according to Welsh, at least within the modern period, is a man for whom "masculinity meant self-control under the most trying circumstances" (Welsh, 1963). These characteristics he sees more within the insular, inward-looking Talbot rather than in the antics of Fergus rushing around Scotland performing traditionally "heroic" deeds. Part of this passivity, according to Welsh, stems from the fact that Scott's novels often revolve around the relationship between the individual and the state. In Waverly the hero adopts a positively Twentieth Century stance as he paradoxically invites and then resists his own arrest. He is contradictory if incredibly passive, at least in a traditionally "heroic" sense. But does this need to be an "either/or" question or can it be "both/and" Can the hero of Waverly exhibit passivity at one point and action at another and still be believable It would seem that the answer to this is a categorical "yes". Real human beings do not act according to a formulaic design for their character. He is not either a "passive character" or a "hero". He can be passive and active according to the moment. A simple glance at what actually occurs in Waverly belies the simple dichotomies that Welsh sets up in his attempted criticism of the novel. The opening of the novel starts with Waverly taking very real action, both in terms of his physical movements and in his decision making. Waverly is brought up in the family home of his Uncle, near London, but is soon given a commission in the Hanoverian army and is posted to Dundee, in Scotland. If he were purely passive he would not have taken up this commission in the first place. As soon as he arrives in Dundee, Waverly decides to take leave in order to meet the Jacobite friend of his Uncle, Baron

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Espionage Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Espionage - Term Paper Example It is commonly regarded as spying that entails secretly gathering of information about a competing industry or a foreign government without the holder’s consent of the information. The term can be a reference to economic, political, or business decisions. However, espionage is common to government defensive and foreign policy. Espionage is intrinsically taken for granted, and in many cases punishable by law. Generally, many associates the term with state spying for military purpose that play a crucial role in planning combat phases. The term is an old ancient craft used throughout history in various instances such as in the Bible in the book of numbers when leaders sent spies to scrutinize a country. Still, the cold war relied on intense espionage activities that helped to establish the nuclear weapons secrets. Following this, one can affirm that large corporations and governments make use of espionage to varying degrees. This paper seeks to discuss the origins of Espionage, i ts’ famous cases, targets, and various agents and techniques used to collect this information. Espionage is one of the most known activities of treason. It categorized as political crime that involves transmitting and gathering information correlated to the intent of national defence. Espionage events are well acknowledged throughout history and recorded in ancient documents such as the Bible (Buckley, 2010). In the Bible, one can trace the term in the book of Numbers when Israelites secretly surveyed the country of the Canaanites. Moses dispatched some spies from each Israelites tribe to survey the land of Canaanites for forty days. The intended purpose was to gather information about agriculture and events of the country and efficiently use this information to conquer the land. This was the land promised by God to Abraham that he would posses for future generations, Isaac. Eventually, the

Role of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Assignment

Role of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility - Assignment Example Ethics can be defined as the study of moral which is appropriate for taking decisions after judging the plan of action. The two concepts are linked with each other for most of the firms. It is observed that in today’s competitive world, sustainable development is required in every organisation for its successful operation. It also leads to the enhancement of quality of products and services that they offer to their customers (Aybars and Kutlu, â€Å"Managing corporate performance†). Corporate responsibility can be regarded as the degree to which an organization complies with rules and legal guidelines which is made for the betterment of society (Nicolau, â€Å"Corporate social responsibility†). The contemporary business practices often identify noteworthy levels of understanding between the good and responsible corporate practices. In today’s world, the stakeholders and shareholders, who have understood the importance of CSR, is focusing on incorporating b usiness activities within the societal norms, which leads to good management practices. CSR has been regarded as the technique which assists an organization in evaluating the business activities and its effect on the environment and society through transparent and ethical decision making. World Business Council for sustainable development has stated that CSR approach can be defined as method of attaining sustainable development by contributing to the society. The different CSR activities include health and safety, corporate governance and ethics, environmental stewardship, human rights and sustainable development. It, thus, focuses on the features like, societal and community involvement, corporate philanthropy, development and investment, customer satisfaction, employee volunteering, anti-corruption... The assignment highlights the theory of Corporate Social Responsibility and its impact on the community and modern society. The researcher also elaborates the importance of ethics in leading a business organisation in a proper manner today. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, that is described in the assignment helps in revenue generation for a particular organisation in an ethical way. It also contributes positively to the society and environment. The assignment presented by the researcher also depicts the role of Corporate Social Responsibility practices in contemporary organisational practices. It can be concluded though that business ethics and corporate social responsibility have immense importance in development of an organisation. Without following the two fundamental concepts that are mentioned in the assignment, an organisation will not be successful in the long run and can even face challenges. Corporate social responsibility has become the best part of sustaina ble development program. For long-term sustenance, the organisation has to take into account the shareholder’s interest, environment and society as a whole. Ethics elaborates the correct and incorrect behaviour of any human being, which can affect the operation of an organisation and also, lead to disturb the entire society. Therefore, the researcher concluds the discussion and states that ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility both are required for organisational effectiveness for corporations and to run a peaceful business.

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Surpassing the Passive Hero in Waverly by Sir Walter Scott Essay

Surpassing the Passive Hero in Waverly by Sir Walter Scott - Essay Example Essentially Welsh seems to attempt to debunk the idea that Scott was even a good novelist, let alone a great romantic novelist, within his books. Welsh admits that Waverly is the prototype for the modern novel, but then goes on to argue the various weaknesses within Scott's technique. He suggests that Scott is not a realist, as he seems incapable of drawing a realistic portrayal of life. Neither is he capable of any type of analysis according to Welsh; he argues succinctly that "Scott never criticizes his own society" (Welsh, 1963). Also, Scott is not a very good romantic writer either as he has no full knowledge of the human heart and his characters are "notoriously unemotional" (Welsh, 1963). By way of proving this, Welsh suggests that Waverly's only emotional moment in his very brief attachment to Flora. . . . . the hero is obviously much more at home as a peacemaker than as a warrior, and it is amusing to watch Waverly racing ahead over the battlefield in order to rescue Hanoverian officers, and then being commended for his distinguished service by the chevalier. According to Welsh, the hero of Waverly is irredeemably passive and thus incapable of realistically portraying action and an active role within society. The hoer is caught within an intensely moralistic society which essentially stifles him. A true hero, according to Welsh, at least within the modern period, is a man for whom "masculinity meant self-control under the most trying circumstances" (Welsh, 1963). These characteristics he sees more within the insular, inward-looking Talbot rather than in the antics of Fergus rushing around Scotland performing traditionally "heroic" deeds. Part of this passivity, according to Welsh, stems from the fact that Scott's novels often revolve around the relationship between the individual and the state. In Waverly the hero adopts a positively Twentieth Century stance as he paradoxically invites and then resists his own arrest. He is contradictory if incredibly passive, at least in a traditionally "heroic" sense. But does this need to be an "either/or" question or can it be "both/and" Can the hero of Waverly exhibit passivity at one point and action at another and still be believable It would seem that the answer to this is a categorical "yes". Real human beings do not act according to a formulaic design for their character. He is not either a "passive character" or a "hero". He can be passive and active according to the moment. A simple glance at what actually occurs in Waverly belies the simple dichotomies that Welsh sets up in his attempted criticism of the novel. The opening of the novel starts with Waverly taking very real action, both in terms of his physical movements and in his decision making. Waverly is brought up in the family home of his Uncle, near London, but is soon given a commission in the Hanoverian army and is posted to Dundee, in Scotland. If he were purely passive he would not have taken up this commission in the first place. As soon as he arrives in Dundee, Waverly decides to take leave in order to meet the Jacobite friend of his Uncle, Baron

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Role of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility Assignment

Role of Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility - Assignment Example Ethics can be defined as the study of moral which is appropriate for taking decisions after judging the plan of action. The two concepts are linked with each other for most of the firms. It is observed that in today’s competitive world, sustainable development is required in every organisation for its successful operation. It also leads to the enhancement of quality of products and services that they offer to their customers (Aybars and Kutlu, â€Å"Managing corporate performance†). Corporate responsibility can be regarded as the degree to which an organization complies with rules and legal guidelines which is made for the betterment of society (Nicolau, â€Å"Corporate social responsibility†). The contemporary business practices often identify noteworthy levels of understanding between the good and responsible corporate practices. In today’s world, the stakeholders and shareholders, who have understood the importance of CSR, is focusing on incorporating b usiness activities within the societal norms, which leads to good management practices. CSR has been regarded as the technique which assists an organization in evaluating the business activities and its effect on the environment and society through transparent and ethical decision making. World Business Council for sustainable development has stated that CSR approach can be defined as method of attaining sustainable development by contributing to the society. The different CSR activities include health and safety, corporate governance and ethics, environmental stewardship, human rights and sustainable development. It, thus, focuses on the features like, societal and community involvement, corporate philanthropy, development and investment, customer satisfaction, employee volunteering, anti-corruption... The assignment highlights the theory of Corporate Social Responsibility and its impact on the community and modern society. The researcher also elaborates the importance of ethics in leading a business organisation in a proper manner today. The concept of Corporate Social Responsibility, that is described in the assignment helps in revenue generation for a particular organisation in an ethical way. It also contributes positively to the society and environment. The assignment presented by the researcher also depicts the role of Corporate Social Responsibility practices in contemporary organisational practices. It can be concluded though that business ethics and corporate social responsibility have immense importance in development of an organisation. Without following the two fundamental concepts that are mentioned in the assignment, an organisation will not be successful in the long run and can even face challenges. Corporate social responsibility has become the best part of sustaina ble development program. For long-term sustenance, the organisation has to take into account the shareholder’s interest, environment and society as a whole. Ethics elaborates the correct and incorrect behaviour of any human being, which can affect the operation of an organisation and also, lead to disturb the entire society. Therefore, the researcher concluds the discussion and states that ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility both are required for organisational effectiveness for corporations and to run a peaceful business.

Whom do you admire more as a leader Essay Example for Free

Whom do you admire more as a leader Essay These two heroes have embarked from the same destination but on very different journeys. Whilst they are both Iliadic heroes at the start of their stories, they develop and adapt their manner towards the characteristics required of them to succeed. Before we judge them, it is necessary to determine our definition of a successful leader. A hero from the Iliad must be a speaker of words and one who is accomplished in action, according to the horseman Phoinix (Iliad. 9. 413). A leader must have these primary qualities then, as he must lead by example, but to create the ideal we must add to this. The leader should rely on no others but in turn listen to sound counsel. He should be fair in his justice, in control of his situation and surroundings, keep his men abreast of the plan of action and reasoning behind it, remain calm under pressure and have compassion and understanding for his people. Thus his primary concerns should be the welfare of his people, their security and maintaining peace at all costs. His men, a good indicator of his leadership to us, should therefore give him loyalty, trust, and obedience, if the leader has led them suitably. The performance of the men is also important, and what they achieve under his direction is representative of his strength of leadership, though this must be compared with how they act without his presence. These measures can be seen as the important assets of a competent leader, though extenuating and uncontrollable circumstances must be taken into account, as we make a sound judgement of our two heroes. Aeneas and Odysseus themselves are different, both in character and in their quest. Whilst Aeneas is born of the goddess Venus, Odysseus lineage has no close link to a deity. However, whilst Aeneas is of divine descent, he receives little or no help from his mother. When he lands at Carthage and Venus is kind enough to give him information about Didos people, she is disguised and departs immediately after having spoken, to the despair of Aeneas (you so often mock your own son you too are cruel A. 1. 406). The other help he receives is limited (thick mist A. 1. 411) and with no knowledge of its existence. Whilst his mother is vehement in defending her son and his people when she is on Olympus (it is unspeakable. We are betrayed A. 1. 252 take pity on them A. 10. 60), no action is taken to ease him in his distress or console him in person. Within the Aeneid, the gods are not the ever-present guardians that Athene is to Odysseus in the Odyssey, whether they agree or not (Hercules checked the great groan helpless tears streamed A. 10. 465). Athene on the other hand, not only helps Odysseus with her divine power but she gives him advice (go to the swineherd O. 13. 403), disguises him (change you beyond recognition O. 13. 396), and even cares for his family (instil more spirit into Odysseus son O. 1.89, prompted the wise Penelope O. 21. 1). She is very intimate with Odysseus, conversing at length and speaking very openly (you are so persuasive, so quick-witted, so self-possessed O. 13. 333). Whilst Venus never alights on the earth to console Aeneas in his grief (heart sick at the sadness of war A. 8. 29), Athene can not bear to leave her hero in distress (I cannot desert you in your misfortunes O. 13. 332). Aeneas is in fact quite a lonely character and doesnt even compete in the games of Book 5, which we can easily imagine Odysseus competing in (as in the Iliad). His lack of personal contact with the gods shows that he is just a pawn, merely a very important pawn. However, the actual tangible help that Aeneas receives is far greater than Athenes to Odysseus. The son of Venus receives divine weapons beyond all words and of shining splendour. Neptunes actions against the work of Juno allow his crew to survive the shipwreck (calming the swell A. 1. 145). Thus, whilst Aeneas is never given a piece of news from the Olympians that he actually wants to hear (dumb and senseless A. 4. 280), his physical aid from the gods is great. Odysseus receives emotional and strategic help from Athene (the two of them sat down to scheme O. 13. 371), as well as assistance from Hermes in person. However, his encounters with monsters and magic are largely left to him. He is given no divine armour, and Athene checks her aid in deference to Poseidon. But Venus just goes head to head with Juno, despite her lesser status, and aids Aeneas. Odysseus walks with the gods and they interact with him regularly but this counterbalances his character as a loner. Aeneas leadership begins in conjunction with his father Anchises who dies in Sicily, but his son Ascanius is on the voyage also. He also has no alienation from his men, such as Achates, and listens to their words (there is no danger A. 1. 584). Odysseus on the other hand has a difficulty with listening to people. Despite Agamemnons warning in Book 11 (make a secret approach O. 11. 456), it takes Athenes reminder (tell not a single person O. 13. 308) to prevent catastrophe (I would certainly have come to a miserable end if you, goddess, had not made all this clear to me O. 13. 383). He ignores Circes advice not to put on his armour when he goes past Scylla. He ignores his mens attempts to stop him saying his name to the Cyclops. This inability to accept criticism or advice hampers a good relationship with his men. Odysseus hardly ever refers to his men by name and the only man whom we hear in person is the treacherous Eurylochus and the drunken ghost of Elpenor. No direct speech from a living Ithacan on Odysseus crew is ever said to him in kind. Though Odysseus goes so far as to divide the men up and share command with Eurylochus, his pondering as to whether or not he should lop his head off counts against it. Odysseus acts very much on his own compared to Aeneas whom only ever parts company from his men when he is with Dido and when he first lands on Carthage. However, Odysseus is frequently dividing himself from his men. He receives the souls of the dead on his own, with no Sibyl to guide him. He forages on his own in Scherie, he lands his ship away from the others at Telepylus, he lets no one else control the rudder leaving Aeolia and he sleeps away from the others upon Thrinacie. Odysseus repetitive action of taking everything upon himself points to the different nature of his and Aeneas travels. Odysseus is going home to free his wife, his home, and his kingdom. His men just happen to be going to the same place. Aeneas though is going to found a new race with his people. It is essential, for his mission to be completed successfully, that he reaches Latium with a band of men to found Rome. Odysseus though has no commitment to his crew. Homer is very insistent on the fact that the Ithacans on the ship are not worth saving and could not have been saved from destruction, despite Odysseus attempts (in spite of all his efforts their own transgression that brought them to their doom O. 1. 6). The point that these are his fellow countrymen, whom he should have the utmost concern for , as their king, seems to be ignored. Aeneas has no legal duty to his crew as their king, unlike Odysseus. The Ithacan crew does have their shortcomings but compared to the Trojans, the Ithacans arduous trials on the seas are far worse. No rest is received from Troy until Aeaea. The Sirens, and Scylla and Charybdis also occur without a pit stop in between it is not surprising that Eurylochus expresses the wish of the men to land and take on supplies (you expect us, just as we are[to] go wandering off over the foggy sea O. 12. 285). The crew has lost 11 ships by the time they leave the Laestrygonians.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Positive Perspective On Right Realism Criminology Essay

Positive Perspective On Right Realism Criminology Essay Both Right and Left Realism have positive and negative aspects to their perspectives on the definition of crime. Overall, Left Realism is the perspective I agree with most out of the two. The importance of inner-city street crime is central to both Left and Right Realism for different reasons; however both standpoints make the mistake of neglecting the importance of the less visible white-collar crime. This essay will critically evaluate Left and Right Realism, comparing and evaluating the positive and negative aspects of both perspectives. Right Realism Positive perspective on Right Realism Right Realism has been influential on government policy particularly in the USA and through the Thatcher years in the UK. Right Realists use New York City as an example of their zero tolerance policy being successfully adopted, under Police Commissioner William Bratton and Mayor Giuliani in 1994 (Bowling, 1996). The city that had stopped caring about itself reduced the crime rate by 37% over 3 years (Bowling, 1996) Homicide decreased by 51%, violence by 38%, car crime by 40% and robberies by 32% (Gibbons, 1996). Analysts of the New York Miracle tended to agree there had been a significant reduction in crime due to the zero tolerance policing practices brought about by the restructuring of the police department (Bowling, 1996). James Q Wilson was against the popular view that increasing welfare provisions would result in crime reduction (Jones, 2001). He was right to question this notion as during the 1960s these welfare expansions were implemented yet crime rates still rose (Jones, 2001). Hence it is understandable that during the economic downturn of the 1970s Right Realism rose in popularity and right wing governments were appointed in the UK and US (Jones, 2001).The Left Idealist obsession with issues of the 1970s allowed Right Realism to seize initiative in the political power debate as they offered a strong response while the left provided no strategy (Jones, 2001). Wilson and Herrnstein focused on individual choice as well as the tolerance and dependence of individuals on the welfare system as an explanation to criminal behaviour (Jones, 2001). Wilson and Herrnstein strongly backed the idea that effective social conditioning can only take place in a nuclear family and therefore did not approve of single parents (Jones, 2001). Children from broken homes tend to be more likely to perform criminal acts in the future (Portes, 1998). Negative perspective on Right Realism Wilson was the former policy advisor of Republican President Reagan (Jones, 2001). Hence there are sincere issues on relying on official statistics of the time. Wilson ignores crimes of the powerful, which are financially more damaging than public order offenses. His obsession with highly visible criminal behaviour means he neglects white-collar crime, which could be down to his conservative background (Jones, 2001). Wilson and Herrnsteins approach to finding the key grounds underlying criminal behaviour is based on un-precise lexicon which makes it hard to subject their theory to empirical research (Gibbs, 1985). Right Realism fails to acknowledge nearly all socio-economic influences on the way individuals live and the high levels of inequality found in industrial societies (Jones, 2001). Concern of class, gender, power, and race are all neglected (Currie 1991). Wilsons contentious attempt to rejuvenate Lombrosian views on the criminal man is not justified with any new evidence while Lombrosian views on the criminal man were originally built on non-credible evidence anyway (Jones, 2001). Its extraordinary that Wilson overlooked the vast body of evidence that existed linking social factors to crime itself (Jones, 2001). Wilson and Herrnstein were also eclectic in the research they picked to cite in advocating their propositions (Kamin, 1985). There is no clear researched evidence of a relationship between delinquency and urban decline (Matthews and Young, 1992). This significantly weakens the validity of Wilson and Kellings Broken Windows study of New York (Jones, 2001). Instead, ignored factors such as underinvestment and poor facilities are more relevant to the deterioration of a neighbourhood (Matthews and Young, 1992). While the dramatic fall of crime rates in New York City did coincide with the implementation of zero tolerance policing, many have questioned whether they are linked as crime also fell significantly in 17 of the 25 largest cities in the US (Dixon 1999). These crime rate reductions tended to occur in cities using different policing methods to New York, which included Los Angeles, San Diego, Washington DC and Chicago (Bratton, 1997). In particular, the crime reduction trends between New York and Chicago are very similar, yet the methods used so very different. Since 1993 Chicago had been implementing a Le ft Realist community policing strategy that focused on improving public relations with the police (Bratton, 1997). Wilson and Kellings reliance on informal control mechanisms is an issue, such as their belief that the police should be approved to go beyond the authoritarian limits of the criminal law to preserve order on the streets (Jones, 2001). This method makes the assessment of police efficiency rather arduous, as it would increase the scope for discriminatory police behaviour and would make police accountability problematic to say the least (Jones, 2001). These changes allow greater scope for police brutality, which decreases public cooperation with the police in crime ridden areas. This is seen in Philadelphia, where police complain that the biggest obstacle between them and bringing justice is the lack of cooperation they get from the public (Bratton, 1997). Heavy-handed policing can cause entire communities to feel under attack as the distinction between offenders and non-offenders becomes obscured (Lea and Young, 1984). The poor relationship between police and the community was the majo r issue in the Brixton riots in 1981 (Jones, 2001). Wilson believed that US courts had become far too lenient in their punishments of crime, therefore he stated that repeat offenders should be sentenced to lengthy stretches of time in prison (Jones, 2001). This has in fact been implemented in the US as the Three strikes and theyre out baseball metaphor (Jones, 2001). This hard-line strategy has failed as it has left the US with a greater rate of imprisonment than any other MEDC along with a high rate of crime (Currie, 1991). As the rate of imprisonment increased throughout the 1980s, so did the crime rate (Jones, 2001). Left Realism Positive perspective on Left Realism Left Realisms key strength is its recognition of multiple causes of crime. Its focus on victims as well as offenders adds another dimension to the sociological understanding of crime. Left Realists believe a major cause of crime to be the feeling of relative deprivation (Jones, 2001). While this feeling occurs most in the poor working classes, it cannot be acclaimed to be the outcome of poverty. For example there was more poverty in the 1930s Great Depression yet a lower crime rate (Jones, 2001). Unlike Right Realism, the relative deprivation approach has the advantages of finding the causes of crime within social structures and provides an account that does not connect crime entirely to unemployment or poverty (Jones, 2001). An example of relative deprivation and subcultural theory combined can be is seen in Afro-Caribbeans in the UK (Jones, 2001). Left Realism places heavy emphasis on the fear of crime as a cripple on society (Jones, 2001). They are correct to flag this up as a problem as there is definite evidence that fear of crime exists, especially in Britain. The International Crime Victimisation Survey in 2000 shows that citizens of England and Wales top the list of 17 industrialised countries for the number of security devices installed, with Londons CCTV system being the largest in the world (Jones 2001). Lea and Young state that justice should consistently take priority over crime control and that there should be an emphasis on improving public cooperation with police (Jones, 2001). This is a valid statement as police animosity with the public can be disadvantageous to social control (Jones, 2001). Cooperation as many will concur helps the police significantly in keeping order in the streets, making it correct for Left Realists to want focus on bringing people to justice, as in time this has the potential to build trust and cooperation between the public and the police. The 2011 UK riots are an example of Left Realism theories on causes of crime coming to fruition. Marginalisation, alienation, relative deprivation and subcultural theory can all be attributed to the cause of these riots. Interviews with participants of the riots revealed this and they blamed the way police engaged with communities as their main justification of the disorder (James, 2011). Left Realism can use this as evidence in favour of community-friendly policing. Negative perspective on Left Realism For Left Realism, analysis of working class crime has always taken priority over white-collar crime (Jones, 2001). This allows those with the most power in society to influence the images conveyed of what are the most harmful crime problems (Jones, 2001). Left Realism fails to recognise how white-collar and corporate crime is damaging to society as their proposed policing methods do not deal with the issue (Pearce and Tombs, 1992). Furthermore their theories are based on small-scale victim surveys carried out in inner city areas (Mugford and OMalley, 1991). Hence their theories are only applicable to inner-city areas and not representative of the entire nation (Mugford and OMalley, 1991). It is misguiding that Left Realism places so much emphasis on the rationality of the fear of crime (Sparks, 1992). It is incongruous to speculate fear in terms of rationality (Sparks 1992). The aptitude of survey respondents to make a factual estimation of risk is controlled by their fear of crime, which itself is exhibitive of a number of factors linked to their personality (Jones, 2001). Not many individuals are capable of making a valid assessment of the risk of crime in their community as information they obtain will often be exaggerated stories in the local news (Sparks, 1992). Feminists also claim fear of crime rationality is idle to women as local victim surveys that are founded on measuring incidents are unable to access the continuous underlying threat to security that exists in many womens lives (Walklate, 2001). Left Realisms argument for minimalist policing is criticised by Wilson who saw curbs on police power (Britain in the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984) as a hindrance to keeping order in communities effectively (Jones, 2001). Left Realism seeks greater legal control of police powers, a limit on discretion and more public involvement in establishing policing priorities (Jones, 2001). Discretion limitation is extremely difficult as the majority of police interaction on the streets cannot be reached by the legal controls (Jones, 2001). Furthermore, radical converts to Left Realism may still hold a bias motive against the police after the 1980s confrontations between left-wing local councils and chief constables over the governments methods on policing (Jones, 2001). Conclusion Left Realism is the perspective I agree with most out of the two due to its key strength in recognising multiple causes of crime through its theories, its desire for more public and police cooperation and its focus on victims and what goes on behind the scenes. In contrast Right Realism cares only for a visible reaction against criminals on the streets, with tougher policing tactics and harsher prison sentences. Right Realisms negatives far outweigh its positives, with it lacking in both empathy and evidence to support its moral absolutism, making it a weaker perspective than Left Realism in comparison. While Right Realism provides more immediately effective tactics on street crime, it fails to solve the underlying causes of crime that Left Realism attempts to address. However, both Left and Right Realism have a significant issue that threatens their title as valid perspectives on crime in that they do not recognise white-collar crime as a problem. While positive points were made for both perspectives, throughout the essay it became increasingly apparent that both Left and Right realism have too many problems with their outlook and proposed methods that need to be addressed.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

How a photocopier works :: essays research papers

Photocopiers rely on static electricity to perform an incredibly complex process every time you press the copy button. Photocopiers use a photo receptor drum, a metal drum coated in a layer of semiconductor which is usually selenium. The photoconductivity of selenium means that when illuminated photons cause it to conduct electricity but when it is in the dark it is an insulator. When photons hit the Selenium electrons are liberated allowing current to pass through. When you press COPY on a photocopier a complex process begins. The drum is charged positively by the corona wire; this wire has a very high voltage passed through it and so transfers some to the drum as static electricity. The drum is coated in a layer of positive ions. A strong lamp is then shone up through glass onto the paper which needs to be photocopied. White areas of paper reflect this light back down, through a series of mirrors and lenses, onto the drum. Black areas (print) just absorb the light. When the light hits the selenium it allows current to flow by liberating electrons, the electrons brought by this voltage applied to the core of the drum neutralise the positive charge on parts of the drum in light so that only black areas are now charged. Next small beads covered in tiny black plastic powder are rolled over the drum. The powder is attracted to the drum at areas of positive charge because the toner is negatively charged. Another sheet of paper is charged strongly by the corona wire because this charge is greater than the charge on the drum, when the paper is passed over the drum the toner particles stick to it rather than the drum. When the paper has the toner on it, it passes through heated rollers which melt the black plastic onto the paper so that it is not held with just a weak charge. How a photocopier works :: essays research papers Photocopiers rely on static electricity to perform an incredibly complex process every time you press the copy button. Photocopiers use a photo receptor drum, a metal drum coated in a layer of semiconductor which is usually selenium. The photoconductivity of selenium means that when illuminated photons cause it to conduct electricity but when it is in the dark it is an insulator. When photons hit the Selenium electrons are liberated allowing current to pass through. When you press COPY on a photocopier a complex process begins. The drum is charged positively by the corona wire; this wire has a very high voltage passed through it and so transfers some to the drum as static electricity. The drum is coated in a layer of positive ions. A strong lamp is then shone up through glass onto the paper which needs to be photocopied. White areas of paper reflect this light back down, through a series of mirrors and lenses, onto the drum. Black areas (print) just absorb the light. When the light hits the selenium it allows current to flow by liberating electrons, the electrons brought by this voltage applied to the core of the drum neutralise the positive charge on parts of the drum in light so that only black areas are now charged. Next small beads covered in tiny black plastic powder are rolled over the drum. The powder is attracted to the drum at areas of positive charge because the toner is negatively charged. Another sheet of paper is charged strongly by the corona wire because this charge is greater than the charge on the drum, when the paper is passed over the drum the toner particles stick to it rather than the drum. When the paper has the toner on it, it passes through heated rollers which melt the black plastic onto the paper so that it is not held with just a weak charge.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Mexican Migrant Workers and Lynch Culture Essay -- Mexico Agriculture

Mexican Migrant Workers and Lynch Culture More than a million agricultural workers migrated to the United States in the early twentieth century. The majority of these persons found work on small family farms in California; the white owners of these farms welcomed cheap labor. Although most migrant workers in California today are of Mexican descent, they originally came from all over the world: East and West Europe, China, Japan, Korea and Latin America, along with Mexico. The shift to almost exclusively Mexican migrant workers in the early 1900s was intentional. Growers at this time anticipated racial conflicts between the immigrating workers and the â€Å"natives† of California. Growers minimized local opposition to Mexican immigration by promising that the Mexican would return to Mexico (only a short distance away) following picking season. This broken promise enabled the growth of systematic oppression toward the incoming Mexicans. As time went on, growers depended increasingly on the cheap labor provided by the Mexicans. This dependence, coupled with rising unemployment in Mexico, created a rising influx of Mexican immigrants to California, establishing Mexicans as â€Å"the single largest ethnic farm workers group in California† by the 1920’s. [1] Because these workers were forced to settle into communities that did not want them, and in communities that were promised the Mexicans were only staying temporarily, Mexicans were segregated, victimized, and resented by the surrounding white population. This maltreatment eventually escalated into racial oppression comparable to that of the blacks in the Jim Crow south. [2] The racial hierarchy that Mexicans faced in the Southwest left t... ... or shot. The masked men were never investigated, or if they were, they were never arrested post-investigation. This information is available in more depth in Carrigan and Webb’s article. [5] Again, see the article cited by William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb for further information. [6] These groups are used to represent many other groups that adopt a similar ideology. I see them all a response to the growing Mexican population in the Southwest. Mediums like radio, internet, and other propaganda were used to broadcast the message of these groups, which was essentially that Americans must wake up to the â€Å"reality† of the Mexican invasion. More on these groups can be located at www.aztalan.net/lynched.htm. [7] Mexican American Civil Rights organizations have been formed in the Southwest to combat these oppressive forces, but they are severely outnumbered.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Bob Dylans Social Commentary Essay

During an interview with the Los Angeles Free Press in 1965, Bob Dylan said, â€Å"All I can do is be me, whoever that is,† (Dylan) which perfectly describes the sentiment you get from his works. During his music career, he has changed many aspects of his image, music style and religion, going so far as to legally change his name from Robert Zimmerman to Bob Dylan. Living during a very fast changing society, his works reflect on the Civil Rights movement and other historically significant events. He is seen as a spokesperson for his generation through his deep and meaningful songs. Bob Dylan uses his pieces to comment on life and humanity, sparking social reforms. Bob Dylan was born named Robert Zimmerman in Duluth, Minnesota on May 24, 1941. He grew up in a supportive, Jewish household, and began writing poems at the age of 10. When he was 14, he taught himself to play guitar, and played in a couple different bands in high school. In college, he read an autobiography of Woody Guthrie which had a tremendous impact on his music career. Bob Dylan performed his versions of the Woody Guthrie’s songs at local coffee houses. Soon, he left college and hitchhiked to New York to visit his sick idol. After his death, Bob Dylan told Rock 100, â€Å"Guthrie was my last idol. My future idols will be myself.† This confidence contributed to his success as a musician. Bob Dylan got his break with a talent scout John Hammond. He released his self-titled first album in March 1962, which was filled with interpretations of old folk songs two original songs. A second LP came out soon after that was only original compositions. Bob Dylan released two more folk LP’s before his big transition into a more electric rock type of music. In 1965 he released a half acoustic half electric album that received a lot of criticism from fans of his folk music. One of his most popular albums, Blond on Blonde, released in 1966 featured many famous rock songs, and received much praise from critics. This album contains many protest songs including â€Å"A Hard Rains a Gonna Fall,† and â€Å"Masters of War.† These songs are thought to have been protesting the arms race during the Cold War, and exemplify how Bob Dylan used songs to comment on humanity and life. After this album, Bob Dylan broke his neck in a motorcycle accident and spent the next couple of years in recovery. After releasing many more successful albums, he went through a major transition from Judaism to Christianity. His next three albums reflected that transition, which confused much of his fan base. Bob Dylan continued to record and toured with a couple different  bands during the 80’s. In 2001, he received a Golden Globe for the best original song in a movie for â€Å"Things Have Changed†. Bob Dylan is still alive and continues to make public appe arances and occasionally perform. Bob Dylan’s songs use symbolism and imagery to reflect his views on life in a different way. The song Blowin’ in the Wind is one of his most famous works. This song uses the phrase â€Å"blowin’ in the wind† to answer multiple questions about humanity that it puts forth. The song also has war themes, shown when it asks the question, â€Å"How many times must the cannonballs fly before they’re forever banned?†(5). The lyrics exemplify his distaste for violence. The whole poem reflects his view that humanity will never learn from their mistakes. Bob Dylan also has some less political and more love themed pieces. In the song Watered down Love, he talks about how pure love will only hurt you so you need to look for a â€Å"watered down love†. The repetitious phrase, â€Å"You don’t want a love that’s pure, you want a drown love, you want a watered down love† (12). The song â€Å"Love is just a Four Letter Word† further continues the theme of true love being impossible. The song begins with him hearing others saying that love doesn’t mean anything, but in the end of the song he believes that himself. This is shown when it says â€Å"Though I never knew just what you meant when you were speaking to your man, I could only think in terms of me and now I understand,† (28). The songs are examples of how Bob Dylan uses his writing to comment on parts of life such as love and war. Bob Dylan’s writing does not go without criticism. His frequent changes in music style and image cause distaste from many critics. Jann Wenner in Rolling Stone Magazine said, â€Å"Dylan created so many images and expectations that he narrowed his room for maneuverability and finally became unsure of his own instincts,†(Wenner,†The Rolling Interview: Bob Dylan.†) There are also arguments of Bob Dylan’s role as an artist. Some believe that his songs do not qualify him as an artist and should not be read and studied as poetry. Others, such as Christopher Rooks, believe that his songs, even if they are not written in a traditional poetic way, are still art because of the â€Å"what they mean and what they can tell us about the human condition, about the nature of reality as it concerns man, which is the  very definition of art,† (Karwowski, â€Å"Is Bob Dylan an Artist?†). In another critical essay, Ellen Willis points out in Cheetah Magazine that although he may be seen as a poet, his poetry ha s â€Å"horrendous grammar, tangled phrases,  silly metaphors, embarrassing clichà ©s, muddled thought; at times he seems to believe one good image deserves five others, and he relies too much on rhyme.†(Willis, â€Å"Dylan†). Although his songs receive a lot of criticism for his changing images and whether he should be seen as an artist, no one can deny the unique way Bob Dylan portrays humanity and his role as a spokesperson for his generation. Bob Dylan is considered to be the greatest influence on popular culture of all time. His surroundings inspired him to write about important historical moments such as the Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy’s assassination, the Civil Rights movement. Many of his songs are directly written about these events, most notably, â€Å"The Death of Emmett Till.†, which was written about the murder of 15 year old Emmett Till, a black boy who was accused of flirting with a white girl. Other songs such as â€Å"Blowin in the Wind,† â€Å"The Times they are A Changing,† and â€Å"A Hard Rains a Gonna Fall† all have political and social meaning behind them. He said that â€Å"the folk songs showed me†¦that songs can say something human.† (Dylan, 86) about his social commentary pieces. Bob Dylan was also a major player in the anti-war protests, sparked by the Vietnam War. His anti-war songs influenced activists, mostly college students who listened to his music. No other artist has had such a profound effect on the cultural evolution in America. He had an incredible influence on social reforms in this generation, as well as inspiring many other famous bands such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, Jimi Hendrix, and Eric Clapton. No one can deny that he was a factor in the revolution of hundreds of thousands of people. Bob Dylan uses his songs as a way to comment on life, humanity, sparking social reforms. His childhood during the time period he lived in influenced his writing greatly through watching major historical event occur such as the Civil Rights Movement, World War Two, the Vietnam War and the assassination of President Kennedy. A famous song, Blowin in the Wind talks about society’s inability to change their views, and can be translated to be an antiwar anthem or a Civil Rights commentary. Bob Dylan is criticized mainly on whether his songs can be called poetry and if he can be considered an artist. Also, the politics brought into his writing are very controversial. All in all, Bob Dylan’s songs had a considerable impact on society because of his commentary on humanity. Works Cited â€Å"Bob Dylan.† Encyclopedia of World Biography. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Student Resources in Context. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. Karwowski, Michael. â€Å"Is Bob Dylan an Artist?† Contemporary Review 1 June 2004: n. pag. Print. Wenner, Jann S. â€Å"The Rolling Stone Interview: Bob Dylan.† Rolling Stone 29 Nov. 1969: 32-35. Rolling Stone. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. Wenke, Joseph. â€Å"Bob Dylan.† The Beats: Literary Bohemians in Postwar America. Ed. Ann Charters. Detroit. Gale Research, 1983. Dictionary of Litereary Biograhy Vol 16. Literature Resource Center. Web. 9 Apr. 2013. Yaffe, David. Bob Dylan: Like a Complete Unknown. New Haven [Conn.: Yale UP, 2011. Print.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Motivation Essay

Motivation and the Brain – The Desire to Exercise and Be Physically Fit Motivation and the Brain – The Desire to Exercise and Be Physically Fit The motivation that drives people to engage in physical activities like exercise can be analyzed as a result of many contributing factors. Theories exist regarding whether desire can be attributed to extrinsic or intrinsic factors. The brain structures and functions responsible for this type of motivation are complex and unique. Each individual will have his or her own reasons, but ultimately, some key factors can be noted. The role of Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivators The motivational factors that drive people to engage in physical activities like working out at a fitness club, or running, appear to be mostly intrinsic. Heredity does not seem to be a prominent motivator; however, one’s environment will indeed have some effect. Children raised by athletes will obviously more inclined and motivated to participate in physical activities as an athlete would likely push his or her son or daughter to be athletic like them. Another increasingly popular source of motivation to work out is the desire to maintain good health, including keeping a healthy body weight. Another possible motivation is the desire one may have to prove to their own selves, the extent of their capacity. The term â€Å"self-efficacy† can be summarized with an individual asking himself or herself the following two questions: â€Å"Am I capable of doing this activity? † and â€Å"Will I be successful in achieving my goals if I engage in this behavior? † The internal question specific to this article would be â€Å"Am I capable of successfully participating in an ongoing diet and exercise program? Self-efficacy can also be described as situation-specific self-confidence (Grogan, Connor, & Smithson,  2006). Another possible explanation for the motivation to diet and exercise is the Protection Motivation Theory, which suggests that people are motivated to protect themselves from harmful or stressful life events ( Deci, 2004). In other words, an individual who maintains his or herself at peak physical condition can develop a sense that he or she is prepared for any disease or threat that may cross his or her path. Some may become paranoid and overly cautious in considering every possible harm that could fall upon them; this fear is drives them in the relentless pursuit of physical health. Perhaps the most gratifying benefit of exercising is the change it will bring to one’s physique. The tone and definition, weight loss and strength are obvious and can be noticed fairly quickly and easily. Along with these changes come the encouragement and positive feedback from one’s peers; this is a huge motivator. Research shows that Acknowledgment, Positive Feedback and Encouragement for self-initiation tend to increase intrinsic motivation (Deci, 2004). It does seem the motivation for maintaining physical health is largely intrinsic, previous family medical history, such as inherent life-threatening diabetes could be considered an extrinsic motivator. Pressure placed on individuals by family members and medical professionals regarding the risks of an unhealthy diet and lethargic behavior can be significant motivating factors that would drive one to take action to improve their health. Both intrinsic motivation and integrated extrinsic motivation are facilitated in situations that are interpersonally supportive, that is, here parents, teachers, managers, health care providers, and coaches understand and acknowledge the perspectives of their children, students, employees, patients, and athletes, respectively, and encourage them to experiment, allow them to try their own solutions to problems, provide them with choices, and respond to their initiations (Deci, 2004). Brain Structures and functions associated with the motivation to work out An important thing to note the brain structures and functions associated with this type of motivation. The feeling a person experiences in the aftermath of a long training session can be extremely euphoric. One hypothesis revolves around a set of opioid neurotransmitters of which endorphins are a special case. The term endorphin refers to internal morphine. Endorphins are primarily located in the pain pathways and are responsible for reducing the negative effects of pain stimuli and stressors (Deckers, 2010). Another argument that could be made would be that the gender aspect related to the concern about weight and appearance. It has been suggested that gay men and heterosexual women are under significantly more acute social pressure to attain the culturally valued slender body type (Grogan, Connor, & Smithson,  2006).