Disability and Education Disabled People Essay

Legal definition: * â€Å"The term â€Å"disabled person† means any person unable to ensure by himself or herself, wholly or partly, the necessities of a normal individual and/or social life, as a result of deficiency, either congenital or not, in his or her physical or mental capabilities†. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986 * â€Å"A condition that in some way hampers or hinders a person in terms of their ability to carry out day to day activities†¦general range of disabilities varies from conditions that are mild (for example, the need to wear reading glasses) to severe (for example, some forms of brain injury).† Parliament of Australia, Parliamentary Library, Social Definitions: * A disabled person is someone who is not able to do things that â€Å"normal† people can do. They have limited capabilities, which restrict the way they live their life. * According to ABS, in 2003, New South Wales had 591800 males and 598800 females that were reported with a disability whether it is severe, moderate or mild. Characteristics Mobility problems or Wheelchair bound Sensory (blind, deaf, mute), intellectual, physical or psychological disability Temporary or Permanent disability May have personal carer Uses specialised equipment to assist with basic duties eg. Elevators, ramps and disabled parking etc. Specific needs (in priority order) Health-As a disabled person they are inclined to have more frequent trips to the local doctors/hospitals depending on their disability. Some disabilities may need medication to keep well and therefore may need adequate and affordable medication costs. Access to services-Disabled people needs access to services such as doctors, facilities, support services and other requires facilities. As a disabled person you want to have the right to access services as they gain more independence. For example a person wheelchair, they may need a car that is wheelchair accessible. Financial support- Most disabled people need ongoing support and treatment from local care centres they can be very money consuming, depending on the severity of the disability. E.g. a quadriplegic is unable to work and cannot financial support themselves and rely heavily on government funding and family income Self esteem- Disabled people are normal people and should be treated no differently. But usually a disabled person self esteem is allot lower than an able person as they feel they fit in society as they do things differently to able people. But disabled people within society are encouraged and treated as though they are normal so they don’t feel alienates or they don’t feel they belong. Sense of identity – It is important that disabled people know that they should be themselves and not treated any differently. If a disabled person feels they don’t fit in, they may try to change who they are and act like someone they aren’t. Safety and security-Safety and security are a need that is required by the disabled on account of their emotional wellbeing. Without their sense of safety and security the emotional wellbeing of the disabled person will be quite short because they feel quite weak to the other members in society. If the disabled person is in secure and safe environment and atmosphere they will grow in confidence and be more active in the community. Housing – Housing is a important need for the disabled community because without shelter and protection they are unable to recover sooner. It is important as well that a disabled person has modifications to their household to allow ease in movement and to apply assistance when they are alone which allows the disabled person to be more independent and confident. Education-Education is needed for the disabled community to ensure that they have knowledge about their disability. The earlier they are educated the greater time there is to enhance their physical and intellectual skills. Without the source of education they will be unable to exist in the communities and feel lost therefore isolate them. With education disabled people will improve their skills and find their place in society. It may be needed that disabled children will have to attend specialised school to suit their condition Employment- For the disabled it is a struggle to get secure and permanent work. This is because they are incapable of doing certain activities, which may be required of them when working, in saying this employer may find that there are other people that will suit the job better and reject their application to work. Equal chance of employment is a need for the disabled because they can gain money to assist with paying their specialised equipment and basic needs. Government policies and regulations The disabled is a group in society with are more likely more disadvantaged and less fortunate that other members within society, Government policies and regulations have be brought up in order to assist them in feeling apart of communities and less discrimination towards them this also helps them to enhance their independence and rights. Some of these following government policies and regulations show that they are unable to be discriminated against and have the same rights as any other individual. Disability Discrimination Act 1988-Businesses are obliged to cater for the disabled by providing disability facilities such as wheelchair ramps, hand rails along stairways, disabled toilets and lifts. Disability Discrimination Act 1992 –Protects against discrimination due to a disability, diseases or illnesses. The same opportunities must be available to all when accessing services. They gains rights to accommodation, employment, education The Disability Services Act 1986 (Cth)-Legalizes Federal Government funding of States and appropriate organisations in relation to the terms of disability employment services and other adequate and still suitable services. The Disability Services Act 1993 (NSW)-Legalises the funding of qualified organisations to provide disability services and regulates NSW Government provision of disability services. NSW Department of Ageing, Disability and Home Care (DADHC) –10 Disability Services have adopted standards to assist service providers to meet these objects, principles and applications of principles. This supports disabled people with services such as Post School Program, Accommodation, Community Support Teams and also Respite Care. The Community Services (Complaints, Appeals and Monitoring) Act 1993 (NSW)-Talks on the NSW Ombudsman general functions in relation to monitoring and review of disability services and it allow complaints regarding disability services to be made to the Ombudsman. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986-A person is qualified for the Disability Support Pension if their disability, whether it be physical, intellectual or psychiatric impairment, stops them from working. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities- Having the right to education, sufficient standard of living, employment and standard of health. Community responsibilities As a community they have the responsibility to make disabled people feel welcomed, accepted and ad though they are no different to an able person within society. It is considered as a respectable action for the community to support the disabled people within their community and encourage them with their involvement in society, so that they feel they are no different. Within communities there are a few charities that recognize disabled people and as a community they try to raise money to help fund the disabled, so they can have the best possible living. For example raising money to help them adjust their way of living, e.g. housing or community. Also the council and RTA provide access to buildings with things such as putting in ramps, elevators and disabled parking, which shows how communities are taking the responsibility for disabled people within their community. Other ways communities can take responsibility to raise awareness it encourage all communities to not discriminate against disabled people, they can also help create a supportive environment for the disabled people within the group/ community Rights of the group Disabled people are significantly disadvantaged in society, but yet they are still human and they still have rights of their own. Usually the rights to disabled people they right are very similar to any individual within society and have equal rights, its just that due to some of their condidtion that have specific need that assist them to becoming part of their community, for example have ramps to access specific places. Disabled people have a right to: * Be employed and educated without being discriminated against their condition * Have housing and accommodation that allows them to feel safe and secure and additionally move with ease regardless of their disability * Gain respect and dignity, especially to be protected against discrimination * Have assistance from carers, nurses, friends and people so that they are able to help them care for themselves * Have access financial assistance. For example: Centrelink or other supporting government policies and pensions. * Have medical assistance giving them the professional and specialised treatment for their condition. * The same rights as people who don’t have a disability so that they are able to live life as normally as possible Access to resources The disabled have many factors, which can affect their access to resources. The three main factors include disability, socioeconomic status, location and also education; all these factors can have a positive and negative impact on the disabled person’s well-being. Disability- Disabled people are usually on pensions and are financially supported. The one main problem that disabled people have is their accessibility to transport systems as their is less disabled people to able people. But yet they are trying to help make accessibility for disabled people more know as they have started including wheelchair buses, wheel chair taxis and disabled parking for the some types of disabilities they are unable to walk for extensive amounts of time and putting the disabled parking as close as possible helps the disabled accessibility to services/groups better. Socioeconomic status- As disabled people they usually have a lower income as they are also paying for other specific needs that able people don’t have. Many disabled people rely on their family’s income and also the government. They rely on the government for payments from centre link and pensions. Many people do not have access to private health insurance rely on the funding of centrelink. Location- depending on the location you have as a disabled person the access to resources is very much so dependent on your location. See rural communities don’t have many support services as they are usually over a large area and accessing services there is already hard enough for them. And within urban areas they have ramps, rails and disabled parking to help disabled people access service/ resources, unlike rural area which are limited. Education- education for disabled people is very dependent on the severity of the disability. See if you as a disabled person don’t know how serve your disability is you are unable to know what needs to be done. As a disabled person you need to know exactly what your disability is and how it can be treated. Diagnosing the problem is a lot easier due to the education in technology and the communication is improved due to internet and mobiles. Societal attitudes towards the group Society has many different views and perceptions when it comes to recognizing the disabled community. Disabled people are looked upon as weak physically, mentally and are sympathised by society. Some groups in society are all for disabled people and want to support them and intend to help them live a ‘normal’ life as much as possible as they can feel they are mp different to any able person. On the other hand others feel that disabled people are extremely disgusting and should not be seen until cured. Little do these people who look down upon disability by doing this they are isolating them from society and they are affecting them emotionally but discriminating against them they are lowering the confidence in believing they are ‘normal human beings’. Members in society may find that disabled people are extremely disadvantaged as they are vulnerable and dependant on the carers that assists them with help with basic duties and responsibilities. These carers dedicate the time and energy to give their up most energy and care for the disabled people. Sometimes/Most of the time their carers are usually their relatives or friends. Furthermore the carer is there to assist to fulfil the basic needs and capabilities that a disabled person may not be able to do, for example preparing food/ feeding themselves, walking, showering ect. As they are unable to do a wide range of ‘normal’ functions. Society perceives the disabled as to be less privileged. Another type of attitude and perception society may have with the disabled is the idea that the they are considered to be classified as a lower class because they have no ability to perform basic skills and attitudes due to their type of condition. Also disabled people are given names labels for example ‘crippled’, ‘handicapped’ and ‘invalids’. Labels like these cause society to have a negative perception on the disabled community and its also a stereotype of how disabled people are, and they don’t taking into the consideration that not all people are extremely/severely disabled. Society feels they must pity and sympathise the disabled people as they are given charities from the generous people who feel sorry for them. Disabled people do not want to feel like that are any different to a normal human being but society without know excludes them but putting them in the spot light the complete opposite and pushing them aside because they are ‘Crippled’. Issues of concern for the Disabled As a disabled person concerns of the group are feeling safe and secure within their community, belonging, and self-esteem. It is greatly concerned as it creates negative mind sets and can cause other illnesses. Other concerns are things such as; * Discrimination toward the disabled. Discriminatory acts towards disabled people can be a large concern to the group as they can be pushed aside and their self esteem will decrease and can make them feel ‘not normal’. * The way they are seen within society. This is a major concern as the disabled community have equal rights to any able person. The way disable people are seen is very important as educating people to not discriminate is also vital. * Their environment. This is a major concern to not the able people of the community but the disable people within it, for the very reason the environment in different ways is important to the disable as they may need things such as; ramps, rails, elevators or things such as a supportive environment, support services ect. * How they feel is a big concern as they also are the same as normal human beings are have lower esteems as they feel different and excluded from society because of their disabilities Conflict between the group and community interests When the needs of a disabled person are not met, this can begin conflict to occur within the community. Disabled people are discriminated, as to society they are not seen as ‘normal’ but instead are ‘invalid’ and just a waste of space. Employment- If a disabled person is always off work, they may be asked to quit so they can take care of themselves. Some employers discriminate against disabled people and do not hire them; however, under the Disability discrimination act (1995), an employer cannot fire or not employ someone because they are disabled. Employers are to treat a disabled employee like they would treat the other employees. Self esteem- When in public, many people stare at someone who is disabled. A disabled person can feel embarrassed or upset as they feel they are an outcast to the society, as they don’t fir in the ‘normal’ people. This can cause low self esteem, especially if you are temporarily disabled. If you have any hope at recovering, you may feel you’re not worth continuing on in life. Safety and security- Some people see disabled people as easy targets to abuse, as they cannot run, scream or see the attacker. They are vulnerable and can easy be abused by someone they know or even when alone in public. It is important that someone who is disabled feels as though they are independent and if they feel they are at risk to tell someone they trust. Power within the group and the community Disabled people within society are seen as not as important but the disabled community have tried to get their name out they create fundraising within their community to raise awareness and to get others educated about disabilities. The disabled offer to the community by; * They show how lucky people are and how great their ways are living are compared to some disabled people who cannot do day to day things. * They create a sense of community.   * It creates perspective in communities as it can open up people eyes to how disabled people really are. Positive contributions the group makes to the community Disabled people despite their disadvantages they are able to bring positive contributions in society as well. These positive contributions could be; contributing to the workforce and educating other on the lifestyle of their own lives and how disabled people live. Contributions like these allow the wider community understand the perspectives of disabled people and how they go about life. Another contribution that is positive on the community is it the disability within the community improve the technology and medication in the general community. Other ways that disabled people contribute to a positive community is that it shows people how to accept them for who they are and not for what is wrong with them or how they look. Extent to which community service groups assist in meeting the need of the disabled Here are some examples which propose modifications in the social community which aims to facilitate the satisfaction of the disabled community’s needs: * On the central coast they have bowling nights for the disabled. This allows the wider community and groups to get together and have some fun and met other people who also have disabilities. This can create supportive environments for the disabled as they can feel that they are not the only one and they can discuss their disabilities with one another. * Services such as personal care and cleaning services for those who are not mobile and cannot do it themselves, This helps the disabled feel like they do not have to worry about the harder basic needs that they find difficult. * Internet allows people to shop at home. This service is provided for those who cannot get around on their own. Order and pay online and your shopping items are delivered to your door. * Services such as online universities or libraries which gives the opportunity for the non- mobile but they can sit at home and do their uni or read a book without leaving their homes. * Some universities provide for disabled people by providing cart and wheelchairs to get around the campuses. Management strategies to address equity issues faced by the group * As a community the disabled feel they are treated unfairly and are treated differently due to the difference and inability to follow day to day norms. By resolving this they must unjust the treatment management strategies must be make to address these issues faced by the disabled. * The Society have come up with labels for the disabled such as handicap, cripple, retarred which refers to ‘their type’. Often they are used as insults. The general public have changed their perception on disability but still there are some narrow minded people who don’t pay attention to the needs of the disabled community. A way of resolving this is by creating an event such as the Pink Ribbon Day and other things such as Daffodil Day, which try to celebrate and sponsor the disabled community and try to create spread awareness of their issues and try to make people become open minded to their problems. * In the health services, people with disabilities are discriminated against as they are generally on a much lower income, due to this they are unable to afford private health care/ private health insurance and are usually put on waiting lists for problems they may have. If a disabled person is in need of medication and are unable to afford it this could cause them to have a poorer wellbeing. To assist them the government should reduce the cost of private health cover and reduce the of mediation to allow the disabled people to have easier access to them * Some disabled people are physically disabled and therefore need to modify their house. This can be extremely expensive and if the disabled people are not working have to rely on pensions or funding from the government. They may need to modify the houses to be more accessible at they may be wheelchair bound. As disabled people are not as capable to do all the house work and daily jobs they can hire someone to help them. The government should make more services available to the disabled who struggle to leave their homes and they should also reduce the funding to modify housing costs. Bibliography * Legislation. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. . * â€Å"DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT 1992.† DISABILITY DISCRIMINATION ACT 1992. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. . * â€Å"Disability Support Pension.† Disability Support Pension. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. . * â€Å"Disability and Community Care.† Department of Communities (Queensland Government). N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. . * â€Å"Disabilities.† Disabilities. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. . * â€Å"Australia.gov.au.† People with Disabilities -. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. http://australia.gov.au/people/people-with-disabilities * â€Å"International Day of People with Disability.† International Day of People with Disability. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. . * â€Å"Thank You ForYour Support.† Daffodil Day. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. . * â€Å"Have a Girls’ Night In,to Help the Girls out.† I Heart Pink. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2012. .

Game Changer

Game-changer essay EDD8102–Foundations of Leadership and Management II Introduction Establishing a disciplined, repeatable, and scalable innovation process, creating organizational and funding mechanisms that support innovation, and demonstrating the kind of leadership necessary for profitable top-line growth as well as cost reduction is essential for sustainability. Whether in the business arena or the world of education, life as an organization depends on the people that are served by the organization.Teachers need to be providing each individual student with opportunities for relevant and rigorous academic growth based on their abilities–this is why the student is boss. A students needs, abilities, and prior knowledge will dictate to a dedicated teacher how and what they need to teach. Administrators are there to ensure teachers have the resources they need, but also to pacify unsatisfied or belligerent parents. The P & G principle of â€Å"Customer is Boss† G one are the days of selling by yelling and distraction over attraction. The challenge of today’s organization is to be connecting and be connected with emotion.It’s not enough to embrace or touch – that’s a one way street. An organization has to cross the center line now and go deep. One will have to live with consumers. At P&G, â€Å"Making the consumer the boss is a promise to identify with her, to respect and serve her, and to take her needs and wants seriously. † (Charan, R. , & Lafley, A. G. 2008) At P&G they are not just conducting â€Å"bubble in the circle that best reflects how you feel† surveys. The folks at Proctor and Gamble are stepping outside of their lives and comfort zone to experience the reality of their consumer.Often times, this means going to a different part town or of the world and going into a lower socioeconomic class to discover the consumers wants and needs. Advertising is a small part of schematic—making t he product appealing to the consumer is important, but P&G is moving beyond that to create new products especially for the needs of the consumer. This concept of molding to the needs of the consumer, is what effective teaching with differentiating strategies is all about. â€Å"Customer is Boss† in an educational settingTeachers have a professional responsibility to identify their learners' needs and develop appropriate pedagogical responses. Pedagogical responsibilities require teachers to have the necessary professional knowledge and skills, and teachers are also accountable to their students. That accountability is inherent in the teacher/student relationship. Some teachers are, no doubt, unskilled and uninformed. Some may abuse their power; however, that is not because they have students and not clients. Calling students â€Å"clients† will not change in any way the relationship they have with their teachers.Teachers have power. How they wield it has nothing to do with the label attached to all those faces in front of them. Teachers must insist on learner-centeredness. The educational organization must insist on qualified and effective instructors using current methods and materials. Regular monitoring of learner progress and regular feedback to learners on their progress is essential to growth and serving the student. The public school as an organization takes learners the community, and does not make decisions on the basis of their ability to pay. Nor can they â€Å"cream† and select only the best students.Challenges and risks If the â€Å"Consumer is the Boss† is really an organization’s mantra, how can they be challenged to think ahead? Breakthrough innovation would not happen. Customers, and students, are thinking about â€Å"now†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthe problems they are experiencing on a day to day basis. Indeed that is important for companies and teachers to think about, however the â€Å"Change the World† opport unity of breakthrough innovation stems from idealizing customers and envisioning problems and better solutions. Place the customer center stage, but stretch your imagination about making them stars.The â€Å"school grade† method of accountability has led to increasing commercialization of the educational undertaking which is also reflected in the culture at large. Allowing parents to remove a student from their designated school because of a low school grade and enroll them into another was supposed to be a way to motivate teachers and administrators into doing a â€Å"better† job. Instead, this competitive component has added a level of paperwork, stress, and mandatory extracurricular for instructors handed down by stressed out administrators that do know how to solve the problem.In most contexts, the learners lack power, because of age or socioeconomic status. In state or private educational institutions, parents pay the state (through taxation) or the private school , which then pays the teachers – making it difficult to connect learners with the pay check. The state system in particular creates the illusion of free education – which takes even the parents out of the financial-transaction picture. Because of this, teachers may feel that they are answerable only to the school or the educational system, and in some cases they may even feel free to pursue their own personal version of ‘education'.In the same contexts, teachers have the power to award grades, write reports and pass/fail students. The view of learners as clients radically re-adjusts the balance of power. For those who have had freelance experience and have taught professionals, either one-to-one or in-company, this view is self-evident. For those with school-type experience, the shift in balance may come as a shock. The potential risk arises, just as some teachers have abused their power, so will some learner-clients.But this doesn't change the fact that teachers provide a paid service, which makes the recipients of this service, and their ‘sponsors', clients. The way to go about it is for some sort of contract to be drawn, so that both sides can assume their responsibilities and exercise their rights. Opportunities and rewards At P&G, employees take the opportunity to live with the consumer. From an educational point of view, knowing your customer intimately is essential to classroom success and can assist a teacher with creating an appropriate, holistic academic plan for each student.Effective teachers scaffold students reading and writing (Tompkins, 2010) comes from the idea there are different support levels that teachers offer to students. This support is based on the individual student’s zone of proximal development. In interactive writing, the teacher helps groups of students compose and write text together. With guidance from the teacher, individual students take turns writing, as classmates offer ideas and suggestions. Students practice writing strategies and skills modeled by the teacher, including letter formation, phonemic awareness and phonics, and concepts about print.One reward of creating a differentiated academic plan based on student need is watching their growth and success rates accelerate as they can handle more challenging content without getting frustrated. Another reward of having intimate knowledge of a student’s life is knowing how to help them. Is there violence at home? Is the student responsible for taking care of younger siblings? Is English the primary language spoken at home? Does the student have access to homework/study help?Also, there is a difference in the teacher that is a parent who has lived through homework on the same night at the kids’ ballet or baseball practice than the teacher who is single and wondering why Wednesday night’s homework was not done and the student is sleepy at school on Thursday. Letting the student’s abilities and p rior knowledge guide how and what you teach them, will reduce a lot of frustration for both the student and teacher. Giving a student work that is too challenging or beyond them will create tension and feelings incompetency. Keeping a student appropriately engaged and challenged will allow them the most success.Conclusion Self-Assessment I am the first teacher that students meet when they are ushered into the public school system. I personally feel that it is my job to catch the lower students and close the achievement gap before it becomes an overwhelming problem in later years. Purpose and Rationale As a new teacher, I would like to take this opportunity to research different teaching methods and techniques and the impact on my students. This is a great time to conduct such research because I will have a fresh batch of students waiting for me to excite and inspire them.I will collect data such as a beginning assessment and monitor progress, keeping a log of how students respond to different interventions. Part of the process will be to research what interventions are available to me. References Charan, R. , & Lafley, A. G. (2008). The customer is boss. Tn The Game-changer: How you can drive revenue and profit growth with innovation (pp. 33-68). New York, NY: Crown Books. ISBN: 9780307381736. Tompkins, G. E. (2010). Literacy for the 21st century: A balanced approach (5th ed. ). Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc.

Berger Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Berger - Assignment Example How people see arts can be brought within their reach. Therefore, the credibility of an art can be improved by analyzing an art from a significant number of people. According to Berger, women and men have different types of social presence. Traditionally, men have been evaluated by the degree of power they may be possessing. Also, the power may be in a number of various forms including economic, moral or economic status. On the other hand, a woman indicates the various activities that can be or cannot be done to her. Therefore, representation of women in art is closely related to what women are seen in real life (Berger 18). Additionally, Berger points out those women are the main subject of the European painting of the nude. According to Berger, the nude illustration of a woman represents the biblical story of Adam and Eve. Sometimes the representation of women in arts is accused of vanity, when in reality they may satisfy the desires of men. He also makes a clear distinction of women representation of arts. He says that â€Å"To be naked is to be oneself. To be nude is to be seen naked by other and yet not he recognized for oneself. A naked body has to be seen as an object in order to become nude.† (Berger

MDCM CASE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

MDCM CASE - Essay Example The services that are provided by the company must also be of standard quality. The company has been suffering loss in the market in spite of all its steps and strategy designed for the customers and company’s benefit. The company shares its benefits and losses with the customers in order to form close relations with the customers. With the passage of time, the company has identified the importance of its global status. It has expanded by opening many offices, branches and acquisitions in different parts of the world. However, the company identifies its lacking procedures and slowed information collection and update due to which, it goes through transformations under the heading of Horizon 2000. The company requires a well established IT strategy in order to meet the competition in the market. This paper analyzes the issue in detail. Strategic Goals of MDCM MDCM does the business of medical devices contract manufacturing and is well reputed because of its expansion with the pa ssage of time. The company has well defined strategic goals and due to some problem with meeting the goals, the company has faced continuous losses. The strategic goals of the company are as follows (Jeffery & Norton 1-7): To facilitate the customers with their required devices within due time. To develop an online ordering and account management system that the customers will be able to use themselves. To provide an end-to-end package of medical device contract manufacturing services. To design and fabricate specialized equipment used in the assembly of manufacturing services. To form close partnership arrangements with its customers. To share rewards and risks of the business with its customers. To work with customers as close as it is possible. To reduce manufacturing costs to their lowest level. To maximize customer satisfaction by delivering quality parts and assemblies on time. To expand its business by opening new offices and manufacturing facilities close to its largest cust omers. To maintain that the acquisitions that the company makes, allow the company to spread its operational excellence while keeping the foreign companies autonomous enough to be able to better serve their local customers. Competitive Environment The firm MDCM faces a strict competition in the market because of more firms in the same business. With increasing concept of globalization, more people are active in market and provide globalized facilities to their customers due to which, all the firms face challenges to work towards success and expansion of their business on global basis. MDCM has designed a strategy to form good and close relation with its customers by involving them in their business as the company used to share its rewards and risks with its customers. However, with new businesses introduced in the market, this practice was copied and conducted by other businesses as well due to which, a competitive environment was created in the market (Jeffery & Norton 3). As a com petitive strategy, the company MDCM opened many offices at locations, which were near to their largest customers. Along with offices, the company also made a number of acquisitions. According to Jeffery & Norton (2006), â€Å"the acquisition targets were all non-US-based companies that had competencies in contract manufact

Shifts in the Economic System from Building Real Capital to Building Research Paper

Shifts in the Economic System from Building Real Capital to Building Credit - Research Paper Example This paper demonstrates how the values of the economic system have shifted from amassing real capital or wealth to building credit. Building credit is presently revered in all sectors and industries, areas including transportation, entrepreneurship and real estate. This is primarily because good credit good credit is essential, not only to getting loans and credit cards, but more and more firms and societies are making the case that individuals must possess good credit prior to extending products and services to their customers. The issue of the shifting values, in the economic system, towards building credit is an important topic of discussion since it not only demonstrates the evolution of economic rhetoric, but also helps anticipate future trends in economic system. The modern economic environment is such that credit is a greater determiner of wealth accumulation than real capital The accumulation of real capital, which encompasses both financial capital and wealth essentially, refers to the accrual of ownership claims on labor and other forms of capital. Real capital can be epitomized in financial terms, for instance, having financial securities characterized by the ownership of massive funds to get hold of wealth and capital. Therefore, accumulating capital encompasses amassing objects of value by concentrating wealth or capital, for instance, financial capital, natural capital, social capital and human capital. However, in the modern day, credit is what dictates the wellbeing of the financial world. This is the case, not only among first-time home buyers, but Fortune 500 companies that significantly affect national economies (Guseva, 2005). Lenders, whether local, national, regional or global make decisions concerning the credit worthiness of their borrowers on the basis of their credit histories or scores. At present, having a strong credit history is a major determining factor for one’s access to wealth, for instance, homes and cars since credit scores and histories influence access to loans, mortgages and other forms of financial investments. The shift in economic value from building real capital to building credit has been influenced by the microeconomic environment in which organizations and individuals are increasingly shunning physical money in favor of credit. Today, one does not require physical money to make purchases since credit cards allow for exchange of goods and services by swiping credit cards. This occurrence in the microeconomic environment has, in tur n, resulted in the shifts in economic values and ideologies in the macroeconomic environment. The real meaning of building credit is to meet the requirements lenders establish. The macroeconomic theory presently integrates credit and banking by appreciating the role of both banking and credit in shaping the overall economy (Heijdra & Ploeg, 2002). The present economic system appreciates the macro mechanisms that link the real economy to variables inherent in the environment, for instance, climatic changes and

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Research Methods - Essay Example The uncertainty of a given amount of revenue that may be gotten, after the perspective order in various currencies are converted to $ are computed. This provides estimation of the anticipated future revenue, to help the company in budgeting and planning processes. Consequently, the HSBC offer will be discussed to explore the disadvantages and advantages of handling the decision from the CEO and Sales manager point of view. Consequently, the paper discusses the Value at Risk of the bank, alternative options, and the historical performance of exchange rates. The conclusions from the paper will be helpful in directors and managers of USASuperCars to make proper decision in reference to the perspective future revenues, and proper ways to deal with the fluctuation in exchange rates. Introduction USASuperCars is a company that sells luxury sport cars. The company has signed a contract with seven clients around the globe to sell cars in a year’s time. The selling prices are always co nstant and are in domestic currency at the prevailing market’s selling price at the delivery time (Sarno & Taylor, 2002). One of the problems that the company faces is the uncertainty of the exchange rates, to cope with the uncertainty. The company has come up with standard deviation and estimates from the Bank of America to curb the uncertainty. The accompanying report concluded that the rates are independent and evenly distributed. Question 1 Table 1: The Total Revenue in Dollars Worldwide Orders       Exchange Rate          Customer Quantity SP SP ($) Revenue ($) Mean SD Mean ($) SD ($)    UK 12 ?57000 91006.2 1092074.4 $ 1.41/? $0.041/? 80370 2337    Japan 1 5 Y 8500000 85442 427210 $0.00904/Y $0.00045/Y 76840 3825    Japan 2 3 Y9000000 90468 271404 $0.00904/Y $0.00045/Y 81360 4050    Canada 1 1 CAD 97000 92447.86 92447.86 $0.824/CAD $0.0342/CAD 79928 3317.4    Canada 2 3 CAD 100000 95338 286014 $0.824/CAD $0.0342/CAD 82400 3420    South Africa 2 R4 100000 9654.65 19309.3 $0.0211/R $0.000083/R 2110 8.3    USA 1 $100,000 100000 100000                Total Revenue       564356.71 2288459.56       403008 16957.7    The table shows the revenue conversion from foreign countries converted into domestic currency. In the table above, it shows that the mean revenue is 2,288,459.56 dollars. Using the figure, the standard deviation is calculated as 338350.8071. The estimated probabilities for different situations are stated below Question 2 2 (a) Worldwide Orders             Exchange Rate       Customer Quantity SP SP ($) Revenue ($) Mean-Revenue Squared Mean SD Mean ($) SD ($) UK 12 ?57000 91006.2 1092074.4 765151.6057 5.85457E+11 $ 1.41/? $0.041/? 80370 2337 Japan 1 5 Y 8500000 85442 427210 100287.2057 10057523630 $0.00904/Y $0.00045/Y 76840 3825 Japan 2 3 Y9000000 90468 271404 -55518.79429 3082336519 $0.00904/Y $0.00045/Y 81360 4050 Canada 1 1 CAD 97000 92447.86 92447.86 -234474.9343 54978494808 $0.824 /CAD $0.0342/CAD 79928 3317.4 Canada 2 3 CAD 100000 95338 286014 -40908.79429 1673529450 $0.824/CAD $0.0342/CAD 82400 3420 South Africa 2 R4 100000 9654.65 19309.3 -307613.4943 94626061867 $0.0211/R $0.000083/R 2110 8.3 USA 1 $100,000 100000 100000 -226922.7943 51493954566             Total Revenue       564356.71 2288459.56             403008 16957.7 Mean          326922.7943                   Variance                1.14481E+11             SD   

Cognitive approach over Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive approach over Psychology - Essay Example Man's continuous urge to understand humanity had led the development of various fundamentals in psychology. With their apparently significant contributions, these recent approaches, particularly neuroscience had somehow managed to make its impact. However their imperfections and bit immaturity have made each emerging, as well as the established approach somehow insufficient. With this, it would be best to for these approaches to collaborate to come up with a complete understanding of the human psychology. In fact, upon an extensive and meticulous observation, one would find a clear point on each of these proven approaches that would link them to each other. This could serve as an explanation, if in the future disciplines such as neuropsychology would standout having been able to convince us with its view by means of intertwining two or more of these fundamentals. 3. ... ntiers, it would be substantial to say that behaviorism, psychoanalysis and cognitive psychology clearly depicts great consideration to individual differences while evolutionary psychology derives its explanations from general facts. It could ease the subject if universal explanation would serve as a constant and the individual difference as the variable. For example, humans in general have inherited mental capacities for acquiring speech, however, the individual upbringing and education dictates his/her way of speaking. In this example, with smooth and careful transition between evolutionary and cognitive approach, a considerably convincing thought had be derived. In the end, it would be best to take both universal explanations and individual difference into consideration; nevertheless, neither of the two would suffice. 5. From the point of view of your own intellectual development, what are the three most important things you have learned in this course Explain why they are important for you. With such enlightening course, one can derive tons of thoughts to ponder. First, we, humans are so gifted with the ability to think and rationalized that we are able to come up with explanations about almost everything. Unluckily this ability had somehow created addiction to wisdom and had lead to the materialization of several conflicting disciplines. Second is that each of these approach have manage to convince a multitude as well as give rise to their critics. Despite of their great significance, due to their inevitable flaws, no single approach can stand to serve as a perfect and adequate explanation like any other fundamentals inevitable flaws have their share of critics. Lastly, the noble gift of intellect must be utilized, at that; things should be viewed in a liberal

Privacy and Business Obligations in the Age of Global Terrorism Assignment

Privacy and Business Obligations in the Age of Global Terrorism - Assignment Example Privacy and Business Obligations in the Age of Global Terrorism They [businesses] deal with an enlightened population who understand the dangers posed by a surveillance-state on their privacy. The fact that businesses are now manufacturing products with enhanced security features only echoes the consumers’ unwillingness to accept unwarranted access to their electronic communications, to which they [businesses] are obliged to follow in accordance to the laws in place or risk losing their businesses altogether. While it is easy to understand the government’s unquenchable desire to collect and store as much information as possible about every individual, more so of suspicious characters the world over with minimal obstacles, the desire does not make such approaches Constitutional, legal, or wise; and the pervasive surveillance and collection of data around the world, including those in power such as Angela Markel, over the past few years demonstrates drifts off-course from reasonable lines by the intelligence community. The claim of public good does not make the total disregard of the rule of law any lesser offence, and such demands must be accompanied with lawful search warrants which respects constitutional imperatives if access is to be granted. Q. 2 When considering that technology enables terrorists to formulate complex plots to kill innocents, do private corporations have any legitimate ground on which to make it more difficult for government agencies like the NSA to gather information pertinent to thwarting those attacks?

Gender-role in Advertisement Essay Example for Free

Gender-role in Advertisement Essay This paper explores gender-role in modern advertisement. Sample modern-day advertisements will be analyzed in relation to gender-roles. Gender-role refers to a person’s way of actions and thinking that is identified as either related to male or female characteristics (Haig, 2004). It is a set of expectations on how females or males should think, behave, and feel. It is in the adolescence stage that male and females start to define their roles while their gender is intensified by conformity to transitional gender-roles in during puberty (Hill Lynch, 1983), which indirectly signals that they begin to act in ways that resemble the stereotypic female or male of their culture (Huston Alvarez, 1990). In addition to the demands of work and changing trends in the society and the increased number of employed mothers in the mid twentieth century, adolescents exposure to the media is considered to have a possible impact on their attitudes and perceptions about gender relationships, identity formation, and gender-roles (ODonnell ODonnell, 1978; Durkin, 1986; Lovdal, 1989; Richards Duckett, 1994; Dietz, 1998; Hovland et al. , 2005). The effects of advertisements to the perpetuation of gender-role stereotypes have received considerable importance in research and it has been debated whether it stereotyped advertisements have long term or short term impact on people’ own gender-role and whether advertisements with stereotypic portrayals gain more profit or does not have significant influence in people’s buying behavior at all. Effects of media in gender-role There are many factors that that affect gender-role development and the media is considered to be one (Golombok Fivush, 1994; Durkin, 1995). Dietz (1998) asserted that the media, in addition to environmental or social factors, affects people’s perception of gender-roles. The impact of advertising on audiences is often explained by social learning theory or by theories that are based on it. The argument is that, as people are repeatedly exposed to advertising images, they tend to internalize the advertisers views of themselves and others. The more ubiquitous the images are in advertisements, and the more frequently they see the advertisements, the deeper the audience identifies with the images. In addition to social learning theory (Bandura, 1977), framing research or frame analysis, introduced Goffman (1974), was used to obtain empirical evidence regarding the effects of media portrayals in people’s thoughts and consciousness. Framing assumes that the media frame reality is used to explain how people perceive and think about gender-roles because of the things they see and experience. Framing is used as a remedy sort in selecting a particular aspect of a perceived reality in order to emphasize, convey, or interpret something. However, framing may directly or indirectly influence people’s judgments on recognizing ideas presented in advertisements (Entman, 1993). Another issue on the effects of media is identified by Mead (1962) in his theory, arguing that individuals’ characterizations in the media affect children’s attitudes, relationships with other people, and behavior expectations. When traditional feminine or masculine roles become distinctive and children starts to identify with a particular gender-role, they are likely to expect specific characteristics and behaviors from females and males. Gender-role stereotyping negatively affects young individuals’ attitudes towards males and females since traditional portrayals of women are usually portrayed as dependent, obtaining approval from family and males, weak, victims, supportive of mens roles, sex objects, and adornment rather than individuals (Hall, Iijima Crum 1994; Artz, Munger, Purdy, 1999). As a result, these negative or substandard characteristics of women adversely affect children’s perception that women may ever find it difficult to attain gender equality and function as effective as men do in the society. This female portrayal restricts young females to think of achieving beyond their potential because many attributes, activities and traits are being designated as inappropriate for their gender (Dietz, 1998). Traditional stereotyped gender-role portrayals in advertisements Most advertisements portrayed both males and females stereotypically. Since 1950s, significant changes in gender-roles have occurred as the division of labor has become less distinctive and the entry of increased number of women into the workforce where professional positions, which were used to be exclusively for men, have opened opportunity for them to progress. Images of men and women in advertising in the early times have been heavily stereotyped. Men were depicted as independent, active, assertive, work-oriented while women were portrayed as dependent, passive, and domestic. Advertisements in the 1970s to 1980s continued to portray gender-stereotyping due to the difficulty of presenting people without specific gender-roles, especially when advertising specific products of particular gender. The strategies of advertisers in attracting people’s intentions and behaviors were more likely to favor gender-stereotyped representation since the public was more familiar and comfortable with gender-stereotyped advertisements (Morrison Shaffer, 2003). Gender portrayals in the context of advertisements were found to be predominantly stereotypic with dominant males and nurturing females in the mass media, music, film, as well as the print media. Although changes in the society and culture have been apparent, advertisements still rely upon women’s roles as subordinate. Women’s subordination was a useful tool in selling a wide variety of products such as alcohol, medicine, cigarettes, perfume, and vehicles. Constant exposure to derogatory portrayals of females in advertisements may result to socially induced depression and lowered levels of aspirations in achieving ones goals. Women portrayal as subordinates has been consistently practiced and presented in advertising until today although some changes and reversions have been observed (Mclaughlin Goulet, 1999). Advertisements usually portray men as being strong who are expected to have jobs that require much physical strength. They are portrayed as being the authority, dominant, having higher intelligence, becoming public figures, belonging to upper-middle class, being able to take medicine, law or business courses, aggressive, and sometimes gentlemen or bad guys. At home, men are portrayed to use car wax, auto parts, carpentry tools, motor oil, and lawn mowers. Women are rarely depicted as professionals in advertisements (Dietz, 1998). When women in advertisements are presented as professionals or experts in the products they advertise, they are often backed up by male figure or an authoritative male voice-over to strengthen the efficiency of convincing the audience since males were viewed as the authority (Lovdal, 1989). In traditional male magazines (e. g. , Esquire and Field Stream), gender-role stereotyped advertisements that portrayed men with masculine or manly activities have not decreased as much as the traditional female and general interest magazines. Although there have been some trends toward less stereotypic portrayals of masculine images in some print media advertisements, the traditional stereotype of the male gender still provides cultural representation (Furnham Thomson, 1999) Women are stereotypicly depicted in relation to beauty, physical attraction, family, domestic responsibilities, parenting, occupations such as teacher, waitress, masseur, bride, actress, secretary, vendor, household cleaners, maid, model, guest relations officer, and the like, as well as negative representation like evil, witch, possessions of men, passive, deferent, object for men’s pleasure. At home, women are portrayed to take care of every member, do all the chores, and maintaining relationships. They are often portrayed as supportive wives, mothers, sex objects, dependents, lack exploration, skills, knowledge, credibility, self-expression, and sense of mastery. Advertisers market products in magazines, like in television, using young, professional women as a product of beauty techniques and methods in order to attract and keep handsome, lucrative, and sophisticated men. Comic strips and children’s books also continued to adopt and support traditional portrayals of women in the society. For instance, illustrations show traditional female activities or a situation in which there is a dutiful wife in the bathroom or kitchen wearing an apron to model cleaning products, kitchen wares and appliances or food (Dietz, 1998; Peirce, 2001).

In ashort essay Essay Example for Free

In ashort essay Essay The world is now a global village. As such, there is an existing symbiotic relationship between the population and countries of differing traditions, beliefs and cultures. The importance of realizing how to deal with these differences is further enhanced by the way business is done these days. The Internet has made it possible for businesses to be run on an international scale even from the comfort of your mother country. This is the main reason why any businessman must be familiar with international laws or laws governing businesses run in countries overseas. A businessman who bothers to research and understand the laws governing business ventures in foreign lands will come to the realization that world wide business laws, although seemingly senseless when first read, is actually a law that has an important impact on the way business is done in that country. Therefore, similar business laws of various lands may be implemented in various ways with the same outcome. Understanding the different legal systems of the world that govern businesses will help an international business person understand how to accomplish tasks relating to his ventures in his specific country of transaction. It is a known fact among businessmen and lawyers alike that laws governing business vary from country to country and have a different outcome each time that law or laws are applied to the specific business settings. Therefore, no two-business laws of two countries are ever alike in implementation and meaning. In short, international businessmen need this knowledge and understanding in order to make sure that they understand exactly what rules are governing their overseas ventures and that they have not violated any legal or religious laws of the land in the running of their business. This is the only way to insure the smooth running and success of international business ventures. Work Cited Williams, David Russell 1998. Cross- Cultural Currents in International Law. Global Business Languages. Retrieved March 2, 2007 from http://www. mgmt. purdue. edu/centers/ciber/publications/gbl/GBL%20-%201998/c3. Russell%20David%20Williams. doc.

Country PESTEL Analysis of Nigeria

Country PESTEL Analysis of Nigeria METHODOLOGY Most scholars in various fields have pointed out several factors that they believe are responsible for why certain students chose certain career choice other than their preferred choice of career. Parental factor, peer group influence, financial status of their parents and guardian among other factors could be arguably said as the perceived factors that influence career choice of most under graduates of Nigerian origin. Hence, this work seeks to unveil and ascertain the level of influence on the aforementioned factors, putting into perspective the Nigerian factor. Contrary to the above assertion, some scholars believed that other factors could also be responsible in exerting influence on the individual in deciding which career to pursue knowing that student of Nigerian origin are collectivist in nature whilst others argue based on the job prospect and bad governmental institution set up by the Nigerian government. It is upon these arguments that the methodological chapter seeks to highlight the manner and ways in which the investigator gathered the relevant information and how the information gathered was used to answer the research question. This chapter focused on the discussion of the methods used in the cause of the investigation of this thesis. In other to determine the validity and reliability of this work, the researcher’s methodology is very crucial (Gilham, 2000; Fink, 2005; Brockopp, 2003). The word methodology is been used differently by different scholars in relationship to their chosen profession and areas of specialisation. Methodology in the area of research and investigation simply refers to those procedures employed by a researcher or investigator to uncover or reveal a set of problems; the procedures taken could be theoretical in some cases, and in other cases can also involve systematical collection and analysing of raw data. As a result, this methodological chapter will discuss its findings under the following sub headings, research design, population of the study, sampling pattern, research instrument, administration of the instrument, interviews and ethical issues as relates to the collection and use of data. RESEARCH DESIGN In the course of this research, the descriptive survey design was employed in the study. According to Amaid (2002), the descriptive survey design method of research is about collecting the ideas and data of a sample of the population targeted in the course of the investigation, so as to deduce and draw a conclusion on the population to which the sample is drawn. Surveys are often used in analysing real and concise information how it happen and when it happen. The survey design according to Cobb(2001) states that, the survey design gives the researcher the free will to other range of option within his or he disposal either through interviews, questionnaire or even through observation. The survey method can also use structured, semi structured and even unstructured questionnaire. However, it is believed that it gives the researcher a variety of options in arriving at a given solution that is called Triangulation (Descombe, 2012). This method of research allows the researcher to gather large number of information from respondent in order to infer into the population that is the main target of the study. Invariably, this method is the most suitable for this research. POPULATION OF THE STUDY The population sample involves students both male and female of the University of Bedfordshire, in the United Kingdom who are of Nigerian descent. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The word stratified means in categories or placing items or people in various categories according to where they belong. Whilst random means a process of selection in which items of a set or population has equal probability of being chosen. In that, the stratified random technique chosen for this investigation reveals that each item selected ranging from male to female, post graduate to undergraduate and even the MBA’s all have equal probably chance of representation. Stratified random sampling technique was used for the study. The stratification was based on gender of the student (male and female) socio economic status of the parents (high and low) and age of the student. The stratified sampling technique according to Descombe (2010), has to do with equal representation according to their proportion in relationship to the number of respondent involved in the research, taking into account such vital information like the demography of the participant. AREA OF STUDY This investigation is carried out in the University of Bedfordshire, United Kingdom. The essence of this investigation is to ascertain the perceived factor’s that influences the career choice of Nigerian university student study in the university. SAMPLE According to Descombe (2012) sample simply means a small proportion of the entire population mapped out for study or investigation. It is believed by the researcher that, information about a field of study cannot be gotten from all the people and not everyone can be reached. Consequently, a selected few from the entire population is relied upon to infer into the remaining, hoping that what it found in that selected few can be qualitative and quantitative enough to be generalised. The total sample for this study consist of 200 students drawn from among the general population of the university of Bedfordshire that are of Nigeria origin and who are currently doing their undergraduate, post graduate and the MBA programmes respectively. RESEARCH INSTRUMENT A designed instrument titled perceived factors influencing career choice of university students was used to collect data for the study. The instrument has two sections 1 and 2. Section 1 of the instrument was designed to elicit respondent demographic data such as age, name, and state of origin. It also contains ethical statements concerning the use of data, confidentiality, and anonymity, the right to withdraw from the research and data security. Whilst section 2; of the instrument was designed to contain the perceived factors influencing career choice of university students of Nigerian origin. Also the section 2 contains a Yes or No based response and a comment box if student thinks otherwise. A follow up interview was also carried out in order to give the research both qualitative and a quantitative base, which was also described by Descombe as Triangulation or mix method (Descombe, 2010). INTERVIEWS According to Descombe (2012), this is a planned talk between two or more respondents that take place in such a way that the respondent is willing to answer questions directly from the person carrying out the interview. Notably, interviews are carried out to illicit response on certain issues of investigation. There are basically three types of pattern an interview follows and they are: Structured interview Semi structure interview Unstructured interview But for the sake of this study and investigation, the semi-structured interview was employed in order to follow up the responses given in the cause of carrying out the pilot questionnaire. SEMI STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE This is a situation where the order of questions varies according to the responses given by the respondent as the conversation flows between them. This type of interview is called semi structure because there may be some intended question the interviewer had in mind to ask but keeps his options open depending on the responses of the person being interviewed. Therefore, this piece of research seeks to carry out its interview with ten (10) participants in order to give a different view from the once answered in the questionnaire with a full recording of the excerpt. QUESIONNAIRE The Advanced Learner’s Dictionary defines questionnaire as a set of question printed and submitted either manually or electronically to a set of audience in order to elicit their perception on the topic of investigation. Questionnaires can be delivered on a face-to-face value or by post. According to Descombe (2010), it also involves a set of designed sheet prepared specifically to gather information that could be used in due time for analytical purposes. Therefore, the purpose of using a questionnaire in the research is to find out those perceived factors influencing career choice of Nigerian students here in the University of Bedfordshire United Kingdom. The type of questionnaire employed is a YES or NO type THE DESIGN OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE The design of the questionnaire was motivated and influenced by the topic of investigation that is geared toward investigating the perceived factors that influences career choice of University students of Nigeria. As a result, issues like what questions to ask, pattern to follow in asking the questions and the sequence to which those questions should follow were of primary concern to the researcher. Furthermore, the design seeks to meet the aim and objective toward which it is been carried out and how to possibly collate the information therein. Going by that, the questionnaire was designed to illicit the responses of the participants on the subject of investigation and to see if the designed meets and answers the hypothesis of this investigation by the use of the questionnaire. PILOTING OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE The questionnaire was piloted with a small number of participants in order to know whether the questionnaire designed would meet the targeted aim. The reason is to underscore the shortcoming and strength of the questionnaire in order to give room for amendment where necessary. The process involved in this piloting was carried out through survey monkey where participant respond online through social networks such as the Facebook and Whatsapp and through the e-mails. ETHICAL ISSUES Just like every research and investigation, the researcher faces a lot of issues as relate to been professional and they are Informed consent Data protection and security Confidentiality and privacy Anonymity Brief overview of Nigeria: PESTEL Analysis Nigeria is regarded as one of the most populous countries in the world. It is situated on the western part of Africa with a population of 173.6 million people. Owing to that, there is a prospect for Nigeria to develop in all spheres of life both human and material wise. This work will base its explanation of all the factors mentioned above using the PESTLE analysis. Although, different theories could be used in relation to career and choice but the PESTLE embraces the entire dimension explained so far. The word PESTEL stand for political, economic, sociological, technical, environmental and legal factor of both the macro and the micro society that the students find themselves, which in one way or the other affects the decision of students in pursuit of their careers. (P)OLITICAL SYSTEM This mostly has to do with the governmental decisions of a country. The political culture of a country can influence the decision of career choices of students in that particular country. Over the years governments in most African countries own all higher places of learning and therefore, control the tuition fees and the appointment of lecturers and staffs. Thus, the decisions of government directly or indirectly affect how a student thinks and acts because most students will for the sake of convenience want to attend a university where the tuition fees is quite affordable. The Nigerian constitution of 1999 places the direct control of all public schools in the hand of the government (the constitution of Nigeria, 1999). The educational value index is 0.457 when compared to the US which is 0.939. School leaving age of Nigerian is 9.0 while the mean year for adult is averaged at 25 years thus making it 6334 educational system. The graph above shows the structure of Education in Nigeria; the 6-3-3-4 Educational System. Six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary, three years in senior secondary and four years in the University or polytechnics. (E)CONOMIC SYSTEM The living condition of the people also accounts for why students choose one career over the other. In a country like Nigeria where the social stratification places more gap between the poor and the rich and the average living condition of the people is below one dollar per day, it is believed that the poor will send their children to schools, which they can afford the tuition fees and the rich will do the same (Ekins, 2003; Lizt and Quij, 2004). Human capital development is a key factor in the growth and development of a country Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Nigeria has been improving her Human Development Index (HDI) since its inception to civil rule in 1999. The HDI is regarded as an important element for a nations wealth because it influences all round development of the country especially in areas such as, technology, skilled labored, computer expertise and machines. These developments are seen as important especially if the quality of life and production needs to be improved. Nigeria is ranked at the bottom among 187 countries which 0.487(156 values). Nigeria has a low level of HDI as compared to other countries in the sub region. They are branding of the Nigeria Economy leads to the Gross Domestic Product increase over the years and this has led to the diversification of the economy thereby making Nigeria the largest Africa economy surpassing South Africa. This trend has given rise to students seeking for employment and taking up career choice that they do not have the right aptitude and desire for. The improvement could be seen in the non oil sector of the economy given a GDP of 5.4 percent and 7.8 percent for the year 2011 to 2014. The graph above shows the GDP of Nigeria from 2004 up to the year 2015 showing the projected increase in the gross domestic product of the country. The graph above shows the GDP of Nigeria from 2004 up to the year 2015 showing the projected increase in the gross domestic product of the country. (S)OCIAL SYSTEM This involves all the interactions in the environment putting more emphasis on factors such as the demographic conditions of the actor in the system, their cultural orientation, choice of career and even the dynamism of the population. According to Hofstede (2010), every society has five cultural effect and these issues affect most decision we make depending on our societal values. The following are what he used to describe every society and they are: Power distance. Individuality vs Collectivism. Uncertainty avoidance. Masculinity vs Feminism. Pragmatic vs Normatic These are the five dimension of hofstede(2010). Figure 4. The diagram above shows a comparative view of Nigerian and the United Kingdom cultural setups. As discussed above, it shows the level at which those factors influence the individual in that society. POWER DISTANCE Nigeria scores very high (80%) in power distance as compared to the United Kingdom (35%). This shows that, there is a flow of power from the top to the bottom and people (students) take directive right from the top. It is expected that most students in such countries like Nigeria will pay attention to their parents, guardians, teachers, and even their boss in the office; therefore they tend to influence them positively or negatively in regards to their choice of career. Whilst in the United Kingdom there is a level play ground between parents, guardian, teachers, and even at place of work, such that students are free to make career decisions. LONG TERM ORIENTATION In Nigeria, most people take up careers that have the immediate benefit to their needs due to the poverty level of people in the country; thus they pursue those jobs with big packages so as to be able to fend for their immediate and extended family. Arguably, the Nigerian society is a collectivist society and that makes one to look after the large family; such responsibility influences the choice of career of most students from Nigeria. On the other hand, the students from the United Kingdom take up courses because they have the right aptitude and motivation for that particular course and profession and this is due to the fact that they are individualist in nature meaning that, they do not have pressure from family and friends. (T)ECHNOLOGICAL FACTOR The advent of technology in the country has brought about many hopes and aspirations for most students in the country. The social media has really added flavor to how things are done in the universities. Firstly, most of the students from low socio economic background and students that are engaged in one form of business or the other can key into online universities. Many institutions abroad have enlarged the prospect of students seeking admission into place of higher learning without adequate funds to finance their studies, in that, students from Nigeria are now benefiting from such opportunities because students are mostly influences by their aptitude and belief. Secondly, the advent of technology creates room for ideas to be shared across the world with ease. They tap into things happening in other institutions and universities in the world knowing that they are the future leaders. During General Olusegun Obasanjo’s led government; he encouraged and gave the private sector green light to grow economically in other to ease the burden on the government. This led to various reforms in the country including the Economic reform. Year 2000 saw the government privatisation program showing great sign of real progress thereby making fresh graduates from Universities benefit from the diversification of the economy. With Government having key control of most affairs of the states, the Telecommunication sector has proven a success especially with the introduction of GSM telecommunication in 2001 thus encouraging investments. (E)NVIRONMENTAL FACTOR Most students are kin about what the environment hold for them and with many universities keying into vision 2020. Students tend to pursue careers that will enhance their productivity in the environment. With hundreds of ethnic nationalities holding stakes and wanting clarity on what the Nigerian state holds for them, especially when given the predominance of the three major ethnic groups. This is always a big challenge to students who intend to take up certain choice of careers; thus, it is difficult identifying common goal and aspiration of students based on their career preference either as a group, individual or even sectional interest. Nigerian environment is distinctly divided into two, while the majority of population in the northern Nigerian is Muslims, those in the southern part of Nigeria are Christians with religious and traditional barrier hindering the choice of career of students from these areas, in that, they are mostly influenced by those environmental factors within and outside the society.(kuku,2012). (L)EGAL FACTOR The kind of laws operating in a particular country can hinder the prospect of students. Legislations and policies of government can also influence the effectiveness of students. For instance, in a country where Islamic laws prohibit students from taking some sets of professional job or career, it might not only affect the growth of that country but it will as well influence their choice of career.

Hemophilia Essay -- essays research papers

Hemophilia is a sex-linked hereditary bleeding disorder in which it takes a long time for the blood to clot and abnormal bleeding occurs. It is a hereditary blood coagulation disorder caused by a deficient activity of plasma protein factor thirteen and nine, which affects the clotting property of blood. A coagulation disorder is a disorder associated with platelets- blood cells essential for blood clotting. The platelets don't function properly in the body of hemophiliacs. There are two types of hemophilia: hemophilia A and hemophilia B. This disease affects mostly males.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hemophilia A is the most common. Other names for it are classical hemophilia, and factor thirteen deficiency hemophilia. The bleeding disorder is caused by an inherited sex-linked recessive trait with the defective gene located on the X chromosome. The X chromosome refers to sex-linked. The recessive inheritance refers to the fact that the trait, hemophilia, is expressed only when the defective form of the gene alone is present. Females have two X chromosomes for their sex chromosomes. They must carry the defective gene on both to have hemophilia. They must have it on one to carry it, and are then able to pass it on to their offspring. Males have X and Y chromosomes for their sex chromosomes. They only have one X chromosome, therefore only require a single dose of the defective gene to express the deficiency. Fifty percent of the male offspring of female carriers have the dise...

Affordable Health Care: A Review of the 2010 HealthCare Reform Bill Es

After months of substantial and aggressive deliberation around the United States, particularly in Washington, the HealthCare Reform of 2010 also known as the Affordable Care Act, was passed with a filibuster favorable to Democrats and signed into office on March 23rd by President Barrack Obama. Though it is intricately detailed, the ideal purposes as promised by those who promoted it are to provide inexpensive and uncomplicated health insurance to citizens along with enhanced coverage for those with pre-existing conditions, beneficial prescription drug provisions and changes to tax credits. Essentially, the law incorporates the positive aspects of today’s health care system and repairs the areas due for improvements. Over the first ten years of its enforcement in office, this reform is intended to expand coverage to over 32 million Americans who are currently uninsured and estimates a 130 billion dollar reduction in nationwide deficit. Each provision of the law was proposed to occur over a four year period with some of its ten titles such as the FDA’s authorization to approve generic versions of certain drugs ensuing immediately while others including the expansion of Medicaid eligibility for the poverty stricken taking effect in early 2014. Many are concerned it is futile and will only further damage a fragile American economy but to many the introduction of the Affordable Care Act is perfectly timed to mend a broken health system in a struggling society. Conceivably the industry most affected by the passage of the bill is insurance agencies. As of September 23rd 2010, according to the government’s website, whitehouse.gov, all insurers are required to pay the entire fees of advised precautionary medical services such as mammogra... ...g News Headlines: Business, Entertainment & World News - CBS News. 23 Mar. 2010. Web. 11 Apr. 2011. . 2. "Preventive Care under the Affordable Care Act | HealthCare.gov." Home | HealthCare.gov. 23 Sept. 2010. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. . 3. "Top 10 Pros & Cons - Health Care Reform - ProCon.org." Health Care Reform ProCon.org. 01 Sept. 2010. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. . 4. "Health Bill a Milestone -- or a Mistake? - CNN.com." CNN.com - Breaking News, U.S., World, Weather, Entertainment & Video News. 22 Mar. 2010. Web. 13 Apr. 2011. .

Decentralized system of government Essay

Since the advent of government and the rise of the new world, there has been debates on the best ways of political governance. The debates have been echoed in even higher institutions in the land, such World Bank and the United Nations. There are those who have been advocating for the centralized system of government, arguing that it easier to manage security and there is only one chain of communication. However, advocates of the decentralized government argue that it promotes and presence to the citizenry. Both the supporters of centralized and decentralized system governments have each pointed to their model states. These are the facts, but a decentralized form of government have proved more beneficial and effective to the centralized system of government. While decentralization may cause duplication of roles,  the decentralized government brings more to the people who now have a say in their governance because it improves service delivery, helps people participate more in their governance, and it is very efficient and easily accessible. A decentralized system of government reduces the concentration of power by the national government. In recent times, there has been instances where a centralized government has abused its powers to either deny citizens their rights and excessive dominance. This usually happens the power lies only with the central government and nobody can check its excess therefore easily abused. According to Lipson (1993), when the power is devolved to smaller units it creates self regulation as the smaller units check for excessive use of power between them. For example, in the United States, which is a model of decentralization of power, no state can exercise, excessive power as there are limitations and regulation from other states. Therefore, decentralization will go a long way in ensuring that power lies with the people and smaller units and not wholly with the government. Moreover, decentralization of government provides an opportunity and facilitation of sustainable local development. In his report Manzer (1974) notes that, devolution enhances local economies through retention and utilization of local resources in local development unlike in a centralized system of government whereby all the resources are concentrated in the capital from where they are now shared to the country. This inconveniences local economies which produce more, but cannot utilize the resources as the central government does not allow that. Therefore, the decentralized system of government not only protects the local resources, but also utilizes them in the development of the local governments. This facilitates the local economies, thereby creating more employment in the local areas. Additionally, efficiency is another key aspect that the decentralized form of government has unlike the centralized form of government. Due to smaller and manageable populations covered by the local governments, the issues to be addressed are also fewer unlike in a centralized government. As a result the local governments are affordable and easy to maintain due to their smaller nature. The small nature of the local governments reduces bureaucracy and ensure quick passing of laws unlike in the centralized government. Local governments are also may respond quickly to any problem as there are fewer people involved in passing a resolution and hence they are able to adapt more easily to emerging issues.Oneil (2010) According to the United Nations Human Development Report People and Governance (1993), decentralized governments make it easier for the citizens to access the government for services. This gives citizens an opportunity to participate in the political processes of their local area. In doing so, the citizens are able to voice their concerns easily and participate in the running of their local area. It’s very difficult or almost impossible for the common citizenry which is the majority to voice their concerns or access the national government bodies. This signifies that a concern may take a lot of time in order to reach the concerned parties or not reach at all due the inaccessibility of a centralized government.In addition, decentralization improves service delivery in the local governments as the citizens can easily participate and suggest on how they receive their services,and how they would wish to be served. This further gives the local government a platform of rating and im proving its service delivery mechanisms to the society. Devolved system of governance ensures that there are transparency and openness in service delivery and governance of the respective local area government. This is highlighted in the United Nations Human Development Report People in Community Organizations(1993) which deduces that, due to the localized and small structure of the local governments, there is a high likelihood of proper ethical standards as it is easy to find those engaging in corruption and other unethical malpractices. Decentralization also offers the opportunity for a member of the civil societies in the respective areas to play a watchdog role of examining transactions and also questioning on the use of public resources but more importantly on all matters that are of great interest to the citizenry. Lastly, it is clearly evident that decentralized or devolved government is a driver of sustainable development as it gives more power to the citizens rather than the national government. This devolution of power encourages citizens to participate more in the politics and governance of the local governments. Moreover, decentralization improves efficiency of the government as the local governments are small and deals with smaller populations. Despite the centralized government having some advantages, the devolved form of government out weighs it in almost every aspect. Therefore, it is wise to say that devolution empowers and benefits more people as compared to the centralized system of government and should therefore be embraced in order to serve the citizens better and in a more better way. References Human Development Report, (2013). The Rise of the South. New York: United Nations Publications. Lipson, L. (1993). Concentration of Power versus Dispersion of Powers: the Great Issues of Politics (9th ed.). Prentice Hall, New York. Manzer, R. (1974). Human Needs and Political Good: A Social political Report. Toronto: McGraw Hill Ryerson. Oneil, P.H. (2010). Essentials of Comparative Politics (3rd ed.). Norton, New York United Nations Human Development Report. (1993). People in Community Organizations. New York. United Nations Human Development Report. (1993). People and Governance. New York. Source document

Explore the role of nature Essay

In the first three opening sections of â€Å"Tess of the D’Urbervilles†, nature plays many a significant role. It acts as a storytelling device, helping the plot of the story to move and develop; it acts as a mirror for Tess’ feelings and the feelings of others; it adds atmosphere to the plot itself. Most importantly, it plays a major role in Tess’ wellbeing, but this role is often thwarted by the actions of man and the actions of man’s Church – the two are often in conflict, and these sections often explore this. We first see Tess taking part in an activity, â€Å"clubwalking†, with many of her friends and surrounding neighbours. All the people taking part are women, and it is a very simple activity; it is only them and the surrounding nature. This suggests that they share a harmony with their surroundings, and also that it is very feminine and pure, much like Tess at the beginning of the novel. As Tess emerges from this, we associate nature with her almost immediately. Angel also appears from this setting, with his two brothers, and he seems more connected with nature than he does with their religion. His brothers seem uptight and stuffy – â€Å"dancing with a troop of country hoydens! † being an indication of this – whilst he seems more carefree and willing to interact. In this way, Tess and Angel are instantly connected for the reader, and nature appears to shelter and protect them. However, Angel chooses another girl to dance with, marring the experience and implying that there is more to the situation; perhaps they are not so perfect. It implys that where nature creates a situation, man can often disrupt it, through their actions and religion. It therefore acts as a device for dramatic irony and foreshadows further events in the book. The death of the family horse, one of the more important contributors to Tess’ decision to work for the d’Urbervilles, is caused by both nature and man. Tess falls asleep during her coach ride, and nature fails to keep her awake. It could be argued that it was enticing her to go to sleep, and therefore was a main conspirator against her. However, a man kills her horse (â€Å"the morning mailcart†¦ had driven into her slow and unlighted equipage†). The death of her horse is a combination of the two, and it seems as though nature is working with man to contribute to her ruin, although it may also be looked on as nature trying to protect her and, again, man disrupting it – the two forces work against each other. Tess’ family had already raised the idea of her going to work for an old family (although Tess was against this – when her younger brother questioned her on it she burst out â€Å"never mind that now! â€Å") but this new factor makes Tess think that she is responsible and must therefore help her family in their time of need. She has no choice in the matter; nature and fate, it seems has decided it for her – â€Å"she had hoped to become a teacher at the school, but the fates seemed to decide otherwise. † It suggests that nature has carved out its own path for Tess. Due to the death of the horse, and at the persuasion of her family, Tess leaves for Trantridge. She plans to gain work from the D’Urbervilles that live there. As readers, we are informed that they are not real D’Urbervilles like Tess and her family; the father in the family, Simon Stoke, bought the name once he had made his money from being a merchant, in order to appear more grand to the rest of society – they are not natural D’Urbervilles, and Tess has been tricked. This is an example of man meddling with nature – nature did not give them that name and they are therefore imposters. Trantridge itself, the house where the Stoke-D’Urbevilles like, seems out of place with the surrounding nature; it is described as â€Å"of recent erection†¦ of the†¦ rich red colour that formed such a contrast with the evergreens†¦ â€Å". It is far more modern and different from its surrounding and therefore appears almost sinister – Nature did not intend for it to be there. Tess is assigned to work on the â€Å"fancy farm† belonging to the D’Urbervilles. This small poultry farm seems unnecessary and frivolous, and is not needed in nature’s scheme – it is merely the whim of man, much as Tess is for Alec in the novel. In this way, nature and its parts act as a mimic for the story. When Alec D’Urberville first meets Tess, he immediately begins to seduce her. He feeds her strawberries – one of nature’s most seductive fruits, due to its rich red colour – and is riveted by the form that nature has given her. In this way, nature unwittingly works against Tess; by making her â€Å"appear more of a woman than she already was†, it has caused Alec to be immensely attracted to her. However, during the cart ride from her family home to his, when he has attempted to kiss her and she has dismounted under the pretences of saving her hat, he tries to use nature against her by hemming her in with his cart against the fence. She, however, uses nature to save her and talks to him â€Å"from the top of the hedge into which she had scrambled† – nature assists her here. Just before Tess’ rape, the descriptions of wood are dark and unforgiving, with â€Å"webs of vapour† forming â€Å"veils against the trees†. Nature shows its darker side, and indicates what is about to happen. What happens to Tess, however, is a vital part of Nature – perhaps nature assumes it is helping her in this way. It could be argued that nature here is working against Tess to set the next events in motion, or that nature is giving her a form of gift – sex and pregnancy is widely regarded as nature’s highest privelege. Human religion and attitudes, however, view it as a sin. The Church is in conflict with nature’s ideas here that these acts are a vital part of life and therefore later outcasts Tess – the slogans painted on the fences around Marlott such as the beginning of â€Å"thou shalt not commit adultery† emphasise this in our minds. Alec’s attitude towards Tess after, when she leaves, suggest that he feels that it was Tess’ fault, for being so beautiful and irresistible to him; in reality, that is the fault of nature. Once she has left Alec’s house, Tess feels she has discovered the true meaning of nature to her; â€Å"the serpent hisses where the sweet bird sings†. This phallic imagery shares a link to Troy’s sword in Far From the Madding Crowd, another popular book by Thomas Hardy – for them both, nature leads them to men, men lead to their heartaches. To Tess, nature has exposed its dark underbelly and she feels robbed of natural beauty; what has happened to her, however, is a natural act, but in the eyes of man and the church, it is an unforgivable sin. This is empahasised in â€Å"She had been made to break an accepted social law, but no law known to the environmet in which she fancied herself such an anomaly. † When we meet Tess again, after a period of time has passed, we see her working in the local fields. The women working are described as â€Å"assimilated† with the fields – nature wishes to protect them. However, when Tess works, she â€Å"bleeds† from the â€Å"stubble† on the corn; nature appears to be punishing her, or she punishes herself by working herself too hard. It is then revealed that Tess has a newborn baby, which is widely regarded as the greatest gift Nature offers. For Tess, and for man, however, this separates her from them – she has sinned in their eyes; she still cannot resist pull of motherhood though, and her feelings for her baby are mixed and confused. Once she has decided she loves her child, nature takes it back when it dies from illness. The Church adds suffering for Tess when they refuse to bury it on concecrated ground; nature and the Church work together to upset Tess. Nature, at least, takes it from its suffering that it would have faced from mankind; the baby would never have been properly accepted. When Tess goes to work in Richard Crick’s dairy, we see the idyllic side of nature once more. Here, nature mirrors Tess’ feelings and attitude – there is a â€Å"change in the quality of air from heavy to light†, and we feel that the nature in the Valley of Great Dairies is far lighter and carefree for Tess; it will become her salvation for a time being, as nobody knows of her past here. She feels a connection with nature, and we have a sense that Tess is nature’s child – she belongs to it far more than she does to man’s Church. Nature saves her from herself, and the hard work with nature grants her peace. It also serves as an escape from Church, and has granted her this opportunity either as an apology or to set her up for more heartache. At the dairy, she is reunited with Angel Clare, a figure we haven’t seen since the opening chapters of the book. His description as a â€Å"figure rising out of the past†¦ and a mobility of mouth†¦ with an unexpectedly firm close of the lower lip† gives us an idea of his character – nature has given him a look with compliments his personality. His mouth gives an indication that, although he is open to ideas, he can be â€Å"unexpectedly firm† in his ideals, a slightly chilling prediction of the events to come. Tess’ mouth, by contrast, is described firstly as a â€Å"mobile peony mouth†; like her, it is full and beautiful, and also everchanging. Nature presents Tess to Angel as a â€Å"fresh and virginal daughter of Nature† -although her past contradicts this ideal, Angel regards her image as perfect in every way. Nature could be seen as tricking him or trying to make amends and improve Tess’ life. However, with the latter, the Church seems to oppose these ideas, and this is the cause of her heartache – man’s inability to work with nature. In the romance of Angel Clare and Tess, nature tries to help them come together, with romantic settings such as a â€Å"violet and pink dawn†. There is the incident with the butter tasting like garlic, forcing Angel and Tess to work together on the mead, and the butter not churning properly (which, according to the dairyman, happens only when love is affecting it, although the story he tells is far more similar to that of Tess and Alec than that of Tess and Angel.) There is, too, the rising rain before church that seems to force them to come together, and although Angel has to carry â€Å"Three Leahs to get one Rachel†, he feels as though the trial was worth it for a moment with Tess. However, when they finally embrace while Tess is milking, the cow reacts unfavourably – perhaps nature has realised what the consequences of its actions may be and is therefore trying to stop the romance. In this way, nature still tries to look out for Tess – it is very much a mother figure to her.